Cohort studycited by the Tayebat archiveabstract only checked★ key study A-WHT-05 in-depth review

Glycaemic load and heart disease in US nurses

A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women.

Overview

Liu S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 · PMID 10837285 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455

Women with the highest dietary glycaemic load had about twice the CHD risk.

Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: moderate

Study explained simply

What did the researchers want to find out?: GL and CHD
How was the study done?: Cohort 10 y
How many people, animals or samples were studied?: 75,521 women
What was actually found?: Higher GL linked to CHD
How large was the observed effect?: RR 1.98
What do the results mean in everyday life?: Fast-acting carbs overall may matter
What are the study's limitations?: Observational; women only
What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?: Applies to all high-GL foods, not only white bread
Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?: Moderate
What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?: Cause; wheat-specific effect

Authors: Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE
Journal: Am J Clin Nutr
Year: 2000
Identifier: PMID 10837285 DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455
Verification: verified – PubMed E-utilities efetch, 2026-10-25
Retracted: no
Corrections: none
Extent checked: abstract only
Conflicts of interest and funding: None stated; NIH grants (NCI, NIDDK).

Amount and type of carbohydrate and CHD

Results: RR by GL quintile: 1.00, 1.01, 1.25, 1.51, 1.98 (95% CI 1.41-2.77 for highest; P trend <0.0001); strongest in BMI >=23.
Absolute risks: 761 cases in 729,472 person-years (overall rate about 104 per 100,000 person-years, calculated)
Authors' conclusion: High dietary GL from refined carbohydrates increases CHD risk independent of known risk factors.

Top quintile RR ~2; whole-diet GL, not white bread specifically.

Supports general carbohydrate-quality argument; indirect for wheat.

I-WHT-01 graded GI/GL evidence low to very low.

Moderate.

Indirect support.

Multidimensional assessment
Multidimensional assessment
Authenticity of the source	verified
Methodological quality	moderate
Risk of bias	some concerns
Precision of results	moderate
Directness	indirect
Reproducibility	partly replicated
Consistency with the overall evidence	mixed
Regional transferability	moderate
Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive)	partly correct but over-interpreted

Note: according to the archive, the studies were compiled by the archive operators. Whether Dr. Elawady himself cited this study is not established.

What the archive says about the study: 75,000 nurses: highest quintile of rapidly absorbed carbs (like white bread) nearly doubled CHD risk.
A. What was actually studied?: Whole-diet GL and CHD.
B. What did the authors find?: RR 1.98 top quintile.
C. What conclusions do the authors themselves draw?: High GL from refined carbohydrates increases CHD risk.
D. What does the archive derive from it?: Equates GL with white bread.
E. Is this derivation scientifically justified?: Partly: GL comes from all carbohydrate foods (including potatoes, white rice, sugar, juices, which the system allows); the study is not about white bread alone.
Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive): partly correct but over-interpreted