Study register
All studies cited by the Tayebat archive plus the independent studies used for cross-checking. Every study was checked against PubMed or Crossref for existence, title, year, DOI and retraction.
Archive rule: acid blockers (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-PPI-01 | PPI use and chronic kidney disease Lazarus B et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2016 · PMID 26752337 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7193 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-02 | PPIs and kidney decline without acute kidney injury Xie Y et al.. Kidney Int 2017 · PMID 28237709 · DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.021 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-03 | PPIs and CKD progression in Stockholm Klatte DCF et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28583827 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.046 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-04 | PPIs and dementia in German claims data Gomm W et al.. JAMA Neurol 2016 · PMID 26882076 · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| A-PPI-05 | PPIs and C. difficile – meta-analysis Trifan A et al.. World J Gastroenterol 2017 · PMID 29085200 · DOI 10.3748/wjg.v23.i35.6500 | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-06 | PPIs and C. difficile in hospital Janarthanan S et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2012 · PMID 22710578 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2012.179 | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-07 | Acid blockers and pneumonia Eom CS et al.. CMAJ 2011 · PMID 21173070 · DOI 10.1503/cmaj.092129 | Meta-analysis | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-08 | PPIs and hip fracture (UK) Yang YX et al.. JAMA 2006 · PMID 17190895 · DOI 10.1001/jama.296.24.2947 | Case-control study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-09 | Acid blockers and low vitamin B12 Lam JR et al.. JAMA 2013 · PMID 24327038 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2013.280490 | Case-control study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-10 | PPIs and low magnesium (Rotterdam) Kieboom BC et al.. Am J Kidney Dis 2015 · PMID 26123862 · DOI 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.05.012 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-11 | PPIs and stomach cancer after H. pylori treatment Cheung KS et al.. Gut 2018 · PMID 29089382 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314605 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-12 | PPIs and death in US veterans Xie Y et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31147311 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1580 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-13 | PPIs and death risk (veterans) Xie Y et al.. BMJ Open 2017 · PMID 28676480 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015735 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-14 | Stopping a PPI can cause rebound heartburn Reimer C et al.. Gastroenterology 2009 · PMID 19362552 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-15 | PPIs change gut bacteria (TwinsUK) Jackson MA et al.. Gut 2016 · PMID 26719299 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310861 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-16 | PPIs and the gut microbiome (Netherlands) Imhann F et al.. Gut 2016 · PMID 26657899 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310376 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-17 | PPIs and bacterial overgrowth Lo WK et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013 · PMID 23270866 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.011 | Meta-analysis | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-18 | Ranitidine and NDMA in the lab Braunstein LZ et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2021 · PMID 33512515 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34766 | Laboratory / cell study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
Archive rule: antibiotic overuse (21)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ABX-01 | Antibiotics in infancy and childhood obesity Bailey LC et al.. JAMA Pediatr 2014 · PMID 25265089 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1539 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-02 | Infant antibiotics and body mass (UK) Trasande L et al.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013 · PMID 22907693 · DOI 10.1038/ijo.2012.132 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-03 | Antibiotics, gut bacteria and fat in mice Cox LM et al.. Cell 2014 · PMID 25126780 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ABX-04 | Infant antibiotics and asthma (UK) Hoskin-Parr L et al.. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013 · PMID 24299467 · DOI 10.1111/pai.12153 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-05 | Early antibiotics and asthma (US) Risnes KR et al.. Am J Epidemiol 2011 · PMID 21190986 · DOI 10.1093/aje/kwq400 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-06 | Antibiotics and asthma (Canada) Marra F et al.. Pediatrics 2009 · PMID 19255032 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2008-1146 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-07 | Antibiotics and Crohn's disease (meta-analysis) Ungaro R et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2014 · PMID 25223575 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2014.246 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-08 | Childhood antibiotics and IBD (UK) Kronman MP et al.. Pediatrics 2012 · PMID 23008454 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-3886 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-09 | Gut bacteria after ciprofloxacin Dethlefsen L & Relman DA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 · PMID 20847294 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1000087107 | Case series / case report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-10 | Long-term microbiome effects of antibiotics Jakobsson HE et al.. PLoS One 2010 · PMID 20352091 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009836 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-11 | Antibiotics and the infant gut Yassour M et al.. Sci Transl Med 2016 · PMID 27306663 · DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0917 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-12 | Antibiotics and C. difficile Brown KA et al.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013 · PMID 23478961 · DOI 10.1128/AAC.02176-12 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-13 | Azithromycin and heart deaths Ray WA et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22591294 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003833 | Cohort study | high | correctly reported |
| A-ABX-14 | Quinolones and Achilles tendon rupture van der Linden PD et al.. Arch Intern Med 2003 · PMID 12912715 · DOI 10.1001/archinte.163.15.1801 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-15 | Fluoroquinolones and aortic aneurysm (Taiwan) Lee CC et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2015 · PMID 26436523 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5389 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-16 | Fluoroquinolones and aortic aneurysm (Sweden) Pasternak B et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29519881 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k678 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-ABX-17 | Antibiotics and breast cancer Velicer CM et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 14970061 · DOI 10.1001/jama.291.7.827 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| A-ABX-18 | Global deaths from antibiotic resistance (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet 2022 · PMID 35065702 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 | Risk assessment | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ABX-19 | Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions in the US Fleming-Dutra KE et al.. JAMA 2016 · PMID 27139059 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2016.4151 | Cross-sectional study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-20 | Antibiotics and resistance in the individual Costelloe C et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20483949 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c2096 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-21 | Penicillin allergy label and resistant infections Blumenthal KG et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29950489 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k2400 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
Archive rule: bariatric surgery (24)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-BAR-01 | Short-term safety of weight-loss surgery in the US Flum DR et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19641201 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0901836 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-BAR-02 | Swedish study: fewer deaths after weight-loss surgery Sjöström L et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17715408 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa066254 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-03 | Gastric bypass: fewer deaths overall, but more accident and suicide deaths Adams TD et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17715409 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa066603 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-04 | 12 years after gastric bypass Adams TD et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28930514 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1700459 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-05 | Swedish 24-year study: surgery added about 3 years of life Carlsson LMS et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 33053284 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-06 | 7 years after bypass or band Courcoulas AP et al.. JAMA Surg 2018 · PMID 29214306 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.5025 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-07 | Finnish trial: sleeve vs bypass after 10 years Salminen P et al.. JAMA Surg 2022 · PMID 35731535 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2229 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-08 | Austrian follow-up 10+ years after sleeve Felsenreich DM et al.. Obes Surg 2017 · PMID 28593484 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-017-2748-9 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-09 | Endoscopy 5+ years after sleeve Sebastianelli L et al.. Obes Surg 2019 · PMID 30666544 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-019-03704-y | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-10 | Bowel obstruction after gastric bypass Elms L et al.. Surg Endosc 2014 · PMID 24380988 · DOI 10.1007/s00464-013-3361-1 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-11 | Ulcers after gastric bypass Sverdén E et al.. Ann Surg 2016 · PMID 26106845 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001300 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-12 | Swedish registry: early complications after bypass Stenberg E et al.. Ann Surg 2014 · PMID 24374541 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000431 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-BAR-13 | Alcohol problems after weight-loss surgery King WC et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 22710289 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.6147 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-BAR-14 | Alcohol and drugs after surgery King WC et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017 · PMID 28528115 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.021 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-15 | Self-harm emergencies after surgery in Ontario Bhatti JA et al.. JAMA Surg 2016 · PMID 26444444 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.3414 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-16 | Swedish cohorts: more self-harm after surgery Neovius M et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018 · PMID 29329975 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30437-0 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-17 | UK: fractures after weight-loss surgery Lalmohamed A et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 22867649 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e5085 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-18 | Bone after gastric bypass: depends on the scanner Yu EW et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2014 · PMID 23929784 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.2063 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-19 | Bones 10 years after bypass Lindeman KG et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2020 · PMID 32663365 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.4112 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-20 | Review: nutrition after weight-loss surgery Lupoli R et al.. World J Diabetes 2017 · PMID 29204255 · DOI 10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-21 | Review: deficiencies after surgery Bal BS et al.. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012 · PMID 22525731 · DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2012.48 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-22 | Pregnancy after weight-loss surgery Johansson K et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 25714159 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1405789 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-23 | SOS: diabetes after 15 years Sjöström L et al.. JAMA 2014 · PMID 24915261 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.5988 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-24 | STAMPEDE: surgery vs medicines for diabetes Schauer PR et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28199805 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: chemotherapy and radiotherapy (19)
Archive rule: dairy (15)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-DRY-01 | Swedish study: very high milk intake linked to earlier death in women Michaëlsson K et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25352269 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6015 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-02 | Large review links more dairy with slightly more prostate cancer Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157 | Meta-analysis | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-03 | US doctors who ate most dairy had more prostate cancer Chan JM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 · PMID 11566656 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.549 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-04 | Hawaii study: heavy milk drinkers had more Parkinson's Park M et al.. Neurology 2005 · PMID 15781824 · DOI 10.1212/01.WNL.0000154532.98495.BF | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-05 | Half a million women: dairy foods not linked to ovarian cancer Genkinger JM et al.. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 · PMID 16492930 · DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0484 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-DRY-06 | Swedish women: high milk linked to one ovarian cancer subtype Larsson SC et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15531686 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1353 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-07 | Nurses recalling high-school diet: milk linked to teenage acne Adebamowo CA et al.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 · PMID 15692464 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.007 | Cross-sectional study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-08 | US girls: more milk, slightly more acne Adebamowo CA et al.. Dermatol Online J 2006 · PMID 17083856 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-09 | US boys: skim milk linked to acne Adebamowo CA et al.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008 · PMID 18194824 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.049 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-10 | Small company-funded trial: A2 milk caused fewer stomach complaints Jianqin S et al.. Nutr J 2016 · PMID 27039383 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z | Randomised controlled trial | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-11 | US cohorts: low-fat milk modestly linked to Parkinson's Hughes KC et al.. Neurology 2017 · PMID 28596209 · DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004057 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-12 | Large infant trial: avoiding intact cow's milk protein did not prevent type 1 diabetes Writing Group for the TRIGR Study Group et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29297078 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.19826 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not supported by the study |
| A-DRY-13 | Dairy and lymphoma: link only in recall-based studies Wang J et al.. Nutrients 2016 · PMID 26927171 · DOI 10.3390/nu8030120 | Meta-analysis | low | not verifiable |
| A-DRY-14 | Review: milk slightly raises IGF-1, which is linked to prostate cancer Harrison S et al.. Cancer Causes Control 2017 · PMID 28361446 · DOI 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1 | Systematic review | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-15 | Review of lab and animal experiments with galactose Umbayev B et al.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020 · PMID 32655772 · DOI 10.1155/2020/7145656 | Narrative review | very low | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: farmed fish (22)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-FSH-01 | Pollutants in farmed and wild salmon (2004) Hites RA et al.. Science 2004 · PMID 14716013 · DOI 10.1126/science.1091447 | Measurement / residue study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-02 | Flame retardants in salmon (2004) Hites RA et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2004 · PMID 15506184 · DOI 10.1021/es049548m | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-03 | Where PCBs in farmed salmon come from Carlson DL & Hites RA. Environ Sci Technol 2005 · PMID 16245806 · DOI 10.1021/es048023r | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-04 | How often can salmon be eaten given dioxins? (2005) Foran JA et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2005 · PMID 15866762 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.7626 | Risk assessment | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-05 | Salmon: benefits vs risks (2005) Foran JA et al.. J Nutr 2005 · PMID 16251623 · DOI 10.1093/jn/135.11.2639 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| A-FSH-06 | Fats and pollutants in farmed vs wild salmon (2005) Hamilton MC et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2005 · PMID 16323755 · DOI 10.1021/es050898y | Measurement / residue study | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-07 | US-style fish advisories for salmon (2006) Huang X et al.. Environ Res 2006 · PMID 16198332 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.011 | Risk assessment | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-FSH-08 | Dioxins in Scottish farmed salmon (1999) Jacobs M et al.. Chemosphere 2002 · PMID 11993634 · DOI 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00201-6 | Measurement / residue study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-09 | Good and bad fats in common fish (2008) Weaver KL et al.. J Am Diet Assoc 2008 · PMID 18589026 · DOI 10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.023 | Measurement / residue study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-10 | Wild vs farmed tilapia fats (Thailand) Karapanagiotidis IT et al.. J Agric Food Chem 2006 · PMID 16756360 · DOI 10.1021/jf0581877 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-11 | Antibiotics in fish farming and resistance (review) Cabello FC et al.. Environ Microbiol 2013 · PMID 23711078 · DOI 10.1111/1462-2920.12134 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-12 | Fish farming as a route for resistance Cabello FC et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 27083976 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00100-6 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-13 | Antibiotics in US seafood Done HY & Halden RU. J Hazard Mater 2015 · PMID 25449970 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.075 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-14 | Health risks from aquaculture (review) Sapkota A et al.. Environ Int 2008 · PMID 18565584 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.009 | Narrative review | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-15 | Sea-lice drug in seabed near salmon farms Bloodworth JW et al.. Sci Total Environ 2019 · PMID 30878944 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.430 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-FSH-16 | Sea lice resistant to treatment (Canada) Godwin SC et al.. Sci Rep 2022 · PMID 35347162 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-07464-1 | Other | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-17 | Feed preservatives in farmed fish Lundebye AK et al.. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010 · PMID 20931417 · DOI 10.1080/19440049.2010.508195 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-FSH-18 | Metals in imported pangasius Molognoni L et al.. J Sci Food Agric 2016 · PMID 26439310 · DOI 10.1002/jsfa.7486 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| A-FSH-19 | Does fish farming help wild fish stocks? (2000) Naylor RL et al.. Nature 2000 · PMID 10890435 · DOI 10.1038/35016500 | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-20 | Mercury in farmed fish (review 2025) de Oliveira Novaes E et al.. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025 · PMID 39715977 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-024-04493-x | Systematic review | low | not supported by the study |
| A-FSH-21 | Pollutants in Norwegian farmed salmon 1999-2011 Nøstbakken OJ et al.. Environ Int 2015 · PMID 25454244 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.008 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| A-FSH-22 | Pollutants in salmon feed (New Zealand) McMullin RM et al.. Environ Pollut 2022 · PMID 35033615 · DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118853 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: industrially produced chicken (19)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-CHK-01 | Resistant Staphylococcus on US meat Waters AE et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21498385 · DOI 10.1093/cid/cir181 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-02 | Same resistance genes in Dutch chicken and patients Leverstein-van Hall MA et al.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 · PMID 21463397 · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03497.x | Cross-sectional study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-03 | ESBL genes in Dutch chicken meat and people Overdevest I et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21762575 · DOI 10.3201/eid1707.110209 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-04 | Arsenic in US chicken from feed drugs Nachman KE et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2013 · PMID 23694900 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1206245 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-05 | Global antibiotic use in farm animals Van Boeckel TP et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 · PMID 25792457 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1503141112 | Other | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-06 | Fat content of UK chickens Wang Y et al.. Public Health Nutr 2010 · PMID 19728900 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980009991157 | Other | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-07 | Resistant Campylobacter linked to poultry in the US Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-08 | US ban of fluoroquinolones in poultry Nelson JM et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 · PMID 17342653 · DOI 10.1086/512369 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-09 | Carcinogen PhIP in grilled chicken Sinha R et al.. Cancer Res 1995 · PMID 7553619 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-CHK-10 | Meat, cooking mutagens and colorectal cancer Cross AJ et al.. Cancer Res 2010 · PMID 20215514 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3929 | Cohort study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-CHK-11 | Discovery of transferable colistin resistance (mcr-1) in China Liu YY et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26603172 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7 | Other | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-12 | Meat and lymphoma in Europe Rohrmann S et al.. Int J Cancer 2011 · PMID 20473877 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.25387 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-13 | Bird flu H7N9 from market poultry Chen Y et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23623390 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-14 | MRSA in US retail pork O'Brien AM et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 22276147 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030092 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-CHK-15 | Less resistance on farms that stopped antibiotics Sapkota AR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2011 · PMID 21827979 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1003350 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-16 | Poultry intake and arsenic in US urine Nigra AE et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2017 · PMID 27735790 · DOI 10.1289/EHP351 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-17 | US Salmonella outbreak from one chicken company Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369 | Outbreak report | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-18 | Pneumonia near Dutch poultry farms Smit LAM et al.. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2017 · PMID 28702305 · DOI 10.1186/s41479-017-0027-0 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-19 | Urinary infection E. coli genes in Danish chicken and pork Jakobsen L et al.. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 · PMID 20656368 · DOI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.025 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: industrially produced eggs (15)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-EGG-01 | Belgian 1999 feed scandal: dioxins and PCBs in food van Larebeke N et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2001 · PMID 11333188 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.01109265 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-02 | Flame retardants in backyard eggs at a Chinese e-waste site Huang CC et al.. Sci Total Environ 2018 · PMID 29631140 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.386 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-03 | Dioxins in eggs near a former airbase in Vietnam Nghiem TX et al.. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022 · PMID 35037074 · DOI 10.1007/s00128-021-03419-w | Measurement / residue study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-04 | Pollutants in backyard eggs in Tanzania Polder A et al.. Sci Total Environ 2016 · PMID 26897409 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.021 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-05 | Where dioxins in German eggs and meat come from Weber R et al.. Environ Sci Eur 2018 · PMID 30464877 · DOI 10.1186/s12302-018-0166-9 | Narrative review | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-06 | PFAS in Danish organic eggs from fishmeal feed Granby K et al.. Chemosphere 2024 · PMID 37944762 · DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140553 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-07 | Heavy metals in eggs near a Thai gold mine Aendo P et al.. Foods 2022 · PMID 36140919 · DOI 10.3390/foods11182791 | Measurement / residue study | low | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-08 | Metals in chicken and eggs near Indian copper mines Giri S et al.. Arch Environ Occup Health 2019 · PMID 29236582 · DOI 10.1080/19338244.2017.1407284 | Measurement / residue study | low | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-09 | US review: antibiotic residues in poultry and eggs Donoghue DJ. Poult Sci 2003 · PMID 12710482 · DOI 10.1093/ps/82.4.618 | Narrative review | low | not supported by the study |
| A-EGG-10 | Salmonella on New Zealand egg farms Kingsbury JM et al.. J Food Prot 2019 · PMID 31742446 · DOI 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-159 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-11 | Eggs and deadly prostate cancer in US men Richman EL et al.. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011 · PMID 21930800 · DOI 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0354 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-12 | Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in six US cohorts Zhong VW et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 30874756 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.1572 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-13 | Gut bacteria, TMAO and heart risk Tang WH et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23614584 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1109400 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-14 | Eggs and type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis Djoussé L et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 26739035 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.115.119933 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-15 | Eggs from pastured vs caged hens Karsten H.D. et al.. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 2010 · DOI 10.1017/S1742170509990214 | Other | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
Archive rule: insulin injections (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-INS-01 | Very aggressive blood sugar lowering in high-risk type 2 diabetes Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539917 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-02 | Very tight blood sugar control in intensive care NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19318384 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-03 | Intensive sugar control in veterans with long diabetes Duckworth W et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19092145 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-04 | German insurance study on glargine and cancer Hemkens LG et al.. Diabetologia 2009 · PMID 19565214 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-009-1418-4 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-05 | Swedish study of glargine and cancer Jonasson JM et al.. Diabetologia 2009 · PMID 19588120 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-009-1444-2 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-06 | Glargine and breast cancer in UK women Suissa S et al.. Diabetologia 2011 · PMID 21614572 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-011-2190-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not verifiable |
| A-INS-07 | Long-term insulin glargine in early diabetes (ORIGIN) ORIGIN Trial Investigators; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22686416 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203858 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-INS-08 | UK database: insulin users vs metformin users Currie CJ et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 · PMID 23372169 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2012-3042 | Cohort study | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-09 | Long-term sugar level and survival in type 2 diabetes Currie CJ et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 20110121 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61969-3 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-10 | Higher insulin doses and outcomes Holden SE et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015 · PMID 25399739 · DOI 10.1111/dom.12412 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-11 | Diabetes drugs and cancer deaths in Canada Bowker SL et al.. Diabetes Care 2006 · PMID 16443869 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1558 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-12 | Amount of insulin and cancer deaths Bowker SL et al.. Diabetologia 2010 · PMID 20407744 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-010-1750-8 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-13 | Second drug after metformin: insulin or sulfonylurea Roumie CL et al.. JAMA 2014 · PMID 24915260 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.4312 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-14 | Severe low blood sugar and death in ACCORD Bonds DE et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20061358 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.b4909 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-15 | Severe hypoglycaemia in ADVANCE Zoungas S et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20925543 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003795 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-INS-16 | UKPDS: tablets or insulin for new type 2 diabetes UKPDS Group. Lancet 1998 · PMID 9742976 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-INS-17 | Weight gain with insulin Pontiroli AE et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011 · PMID 21645195 · DOI 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01433.x | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-INS-18 | Intensive insulin in 14 patients Henry RR et al.. Diabetes Care 1993 · PMID 8422777 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.16.1.21 | Case series / case report | very low | correctly reported |
| A-INS-19 | Adding metformin to insulin Wulffelé MG et al.. Diabetes Care 2002 · PMID 12453950 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2133 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-INS-20 | Injecting insulin into thickened fat Famulla S et al.. Diabetes Care 2016 · PMID 27411698 · DOI 10.2337/dc16-0610 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-INS-21 | High natural insulin and heart disease Després JP et al.. N Engl J Med 1996 · PMID 8596596 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199604113341504 | Case-control study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-INS-22 | Insulin levels and heart disease: pooled analysis Ruige JB et al.. Circulation 1998 · PMID 9529268 · DOI 10.1161/01.cir.97.10.996 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-INS-23 | Review: obesity and cancer Calle EE et al.. Nat Rev Cancer 2004 · PMID 15286738 · DOI 10.1038/nrc1408 | Narrative review | low | not verifiable |
Archive rule: leafy greens and cucurbits (17)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-VEG-01 | E. coli outbreak from bagged spinach, US 2006 Sharapov UM et al.. J Food Prot 2016 · PMID 28221950 · DOI 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-556 | Outbreak report | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-02 | Source of the 2011 German E. coli outbreak Buchholz U et al.. N Engl J Med 2011 · PMID 22029753 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1106482 | Outbreak report | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-03 | Listeria in packaged salads Self JL et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2019 · PMID 31310227 · DOI 10.3201/eid2508.180761 | Outbreak report | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-04 | Salmonella from cucumbers, US 2014 Angelo KM et al.. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 · PMID 25695319 | Outbreak report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-05 | Oxalate precursor and kidney crystals in rats Khan SR et al.. J Urol 2007 · PMID 17870111 · DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2007.06.046 | Animal study | low | not supported by the study |
| A-VEG-06 | Kidney damage from green juicing Getting JE et al.. Am J Med 2013 · PMID 23830537 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.03.019 | Case series / case report | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-07 | Thyroid crisis after raw bok choy Chu M, Seltzer TF. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20484407 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMc0911005 | Case series / case report | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-08 | Courgette soup poisoning in two babies Savino F et al.. Ann Nutr Metab 2006 · PMID 16809905 · DOI 10.1159/000094301 | Case series / case report | low | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-09 | Bitter zucchini poisoning Jung C et al.. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020 · PMID 32668470 · DOI 10.1055/a-1163-9741 | Case series / case report | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-10 | Hair loss after squash poisoning Assouly P. JAMA Dermatol 2018 · PMID 29590275 · DOI 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.6128 | Case series / case report | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-11 | Toxic squash syndrome case Prudhomme N et al.. CJEM 2022 · PMID 35869358 · DOI 10.1007/s43678-022-00358-1 | Case series / case report | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-12 | Melon allergy protein Rodriguez-Perez R et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 · PMID 12642849 · DOI 10.1067/mai.2003.74 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-13 | Organic food and children's pesticide levels Lu C et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2006 · PMID 16451864 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.8418 | Other | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-14 | Organic vs conventional diet in preschoolers Curl CL et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2003 · PMID 12611667 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.5754 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-15 | BMJ editorial on lectins Freed DL. BMJ 1999 · PMID 10205084 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1023 | Narrative review | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-16 | Cellulose-digesting gut bacteria Moraïs S et al.. Science 2024 · PMID 38484069 · DOI 10.1126/science.adj9223 | Other | high | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-17 | Vitamin K foods and warfarin Violi F et al.. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 · PMID 26962786 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000002895 | Systematic review | low | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: legumes (14)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-LEG-01 | NEJM review on favism Luzzatto L, Arese P. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29298156 · DOI 10.1056/nejmra1708111 | Narrative review | moderate | not verifiable |
| A-LEG-02 | Lancet review on G6PD deficiency Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Lancet 2008 · PMID 18177777 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60073-2 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-03 | Raw kidney bean poisoning in the UK Rodhouse JC et al.. Epidemiol Infect 1990 · PMID 2249712 · DOI 10.1017/s095026880004810x | Outbreak report | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-LEG-04 | Review on plant lectin toxicity Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JT. Toxicon 2004 · PMID 15302522 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.005 | Narrative review | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-LEG-05 | Iron absorption from different diets Hurrell R, Egli I. Am J Clin Nutr 2010 · PMID 20200263 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-06 | Minerals from legumes Sandberg AS. Br J Nutr 2002 · PMID 12498628 · DOI 10.1079/BJN/2002718 | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-07 | Soy formula and infant plant-oestrogen levels Setchell KD et al.. Lancet 1997 · PMID 9217716 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09480-9 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-08 | Soy and the thyroid Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. Environ Health Perspect 2002 · PMID 12060828 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.02110s3349 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-LEG-09 | Soy formula and gene marks in baby girls Harlid S et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2017 · PMID 27539829 · DOI 10.1289/EHP428 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| A-LEG-10 | Low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel Halmos EP et al.. Gastroenterology 2014 · PMID 24076059 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.046 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-11 | Deaths from food allergy in the US Bock SA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 · PMID 11150011 · DOI 10.1067/mai.2001.112031 | Case series / case report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-12 | Further US food-allergy deaths Bock SA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 · PMID 17306354 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.622 | Case series / case report | low | not verifiable |
| A-LEG-13 | Peanut and lupin cross-allergy Moneret-Vautrin DA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 · PMID 10518837 · DOI 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70303-9 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-LEG-14 | How often food allergy kills Umasunthar T et al.. Clin Exp Allergy 2013 · PMID 24118190 · DOI 10.1111/cea.12211 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
Archive rule: diabetes medicines (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ODD-01 | Rosiglitazone and heart attacks: pooled trials Nissen SE et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17517853 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa072761 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-02 | Rosiglitazone and heart failure (RECORD) Komajda M et al.. Eur Heart J 2010 · PMID 20118174 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp604 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-03 | Pioglitazone and bladder cancer Tuccori M et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27029385 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i1541 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-04 | Metformin and vitamin B12 de Jager J et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20488910 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c2181 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-ODD-05 | Metformin and B12 in US survey Reinstatler L et al.. Diabetes Care 2012 · PMID 22179958 · DOI 10.2337/dc11-1582 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-ODD-06 | Metformin and B12 over 13 years Aroda VR et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 · PMID 26900641 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2015-3754 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-07 | Sulfonylurea vs metformin as first drug Roumie CL et al.. Ann Intern Med 2012 · PMID 23128859 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00003 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-08 | Saxagliptin heart safety trial Scirica BM et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23992601 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1307684 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-09 | Canagliflozin heart and kidney trials (CANVAS) Neal B et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28605608 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-ODD-10 | Ketoacidosis with canagliflozin Erondu N et al.. Diabetes Care 2015 · PMID 26203064 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-1251 | Other | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-11 | Ketoacidosis after starting SGLT2 drugs (letter) Fralick M et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28591538 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMc1701990 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-ODD-12 | Fournier gangrene reports with SGLT2 drugs Bersoff-Matcha SJ et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31060053 · DOI 10.7326/M19-0085 | Case series / case report | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ODD-13 | Canagliflozin and fractures Watts NB et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 · PMID 26580237 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2015-3167 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ODD-14 | GLP-1 drugs and pancreatitis in US claims Singh S et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2013 · PMID 23440284 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2720 | Case-control study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-15 | Stomach and bowel side effects of weight-loss injections Sodhi M et al.. JAMA 2023 · PMID 37796527 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.19574 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-ODD-16 | Semaglutide and optic nerve stroke Hathaway JT et al.. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024 · PMID 38958939 · DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.2296 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-17 | Very aggressive blood sugar lowering in high-risk type 2 diabetes Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539917 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-18 | Intensive sugar control in veterans with long diabetes Duckworth W et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19092145 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
Archive rule: dietary supplements (30)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-SUP-01 | Calcium pills and heart attacks Bolland MJ et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20671013 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c3691 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-02 | Calcium + vitamin D and heart attacks (WHI reanalysis) Bolland MJ et al.. BMJ 2011 · PMID 21505219 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.d2040 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-03 | High-dose vitamin E and mortality Miller ER et al.. Ann Intern Med 2005 · PMID 15537682 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-04 | CARET: beta-carotene and vitamin A raised lung cancer in smokers Omenn GS et al.. N Engl J Med 1996 · PMID 8602180 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-05 | ATBC: beta-carotene raised lung cancer in Finnish smokers ATBC Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994 · PMID 8127329 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199404143301501 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-06 | Supplements and mortality in older women Mursu J et al.. Arch Intern Med 2011 · PMID 21987192 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-07 | Low-dose omega-3 after heart attack Kromhout D et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20929341 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003603 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-08 | VITAL: fish oil in healthy adults Manson JE et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415637 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1811403 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-09 | ASCEND: fish oil in diabetes ASCEND Study Collaborative Group et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 30146932 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1804989 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-10 | STRENGTH: high-dose omega-3 Nicholls SJ et al.. JAMA 2020 · PMID 33190147 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.22258 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-11 | Fish oil and atrial fibrillation Gencer B et al.. Circulation 2021 · PMID 34612056 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654 | Meta-analysis | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-12 | Cochrane: omega-3 and heart health Abdelhamid AS et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32114706 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-13 | Glucosamine for knee pain (GAIT) Clegg DO et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16495392 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa052771 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-14 | Vitamin C pills and kidney stones Thomas LD et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2013 · PMID 23381591 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-SUP-15 | Selenium and diabetes Stranges S et al.. Ann Intern Med 2007 · PMID 17620655 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-16 | Vitamin A and hip fractures Feskanich D et al.. JAMA 2002 · PMID 11754708 · DOI 10.1001/jama.287.1.47 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-17 | Folic acid and bowel polyps Cole BF et al.. JAMA 2007 · PMID 17551129 · DOI 10.1001/jama.297.21.2351 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-18 | Folic acid + B12 and cancer in Norway Ebbing M et al.. JAMA 2009 · PMID 19920236 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.1622 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-19 | HOPE-2: B vitamins in vascular disease Lonn E et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16531613 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa060900 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-20 | Yearly vitamin D mega-dose Sanders KM et al.. JAMA 2010 · PMID 20460620 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2010.594 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-21 | High monthly vitamin D and falls Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2016 · PMID 26747333 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7148 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-22 | VITAL: vitamin D for prevention Manson JE et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415629 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-23 | SELECT: vitamin E and prostate cancer Klein EA et al.. JAMA 2011 · PMID 21990298 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2011.1437 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-24 | Antioxidant pills and mortality Bjelakovic G et al.. JAMA 2007 · PMID 17327526 · DOI 10.1001/jama.297.8.842 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-25 | PHS II: multivitamins and heart disease Sesso HD et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 23117775 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.14805 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-26 | Multivitamins and death – trials Macpherson H et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23255568 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.049304 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-27 | Multivitamins and memory Grodstein F et al.. Ann Intern Med 2013 · PMID 24490265 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00006 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-28 | Editorial against supplements Guallar E et al.. Ann Intern Med 2013 · PMID 24490268 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011 | Other | very low | not verifiable |
| A-SUP-29 | Vitamins and heart disease – overview Jenkins DJA et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 · PMID 29852980 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-30 | USPSTF 2022: vitamins for prevention US Preventive Services Task Force et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35727271 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.8970 | Guideline / position statement | high | correctly reported |
Archive rule: white flour (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-WHT-01 | Very high refined-grain intake and death/heart disease in 21 countries Swaminathan S et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33536317 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4948 | Cohort study | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-02 | Whole grains and lower risk of heart disease and death Aune D et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27301975 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i2716 | Meta-analysis | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-03 | White rice and type 2 diabetes Hu EA et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 22422870 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e1454 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-WHT-04 | Whole grains, not refined grains, linked to diabetes risk Aune D et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2013 · PMID 24158434 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-05 | Glycaemic load and heart disease in US nurses Liu S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 · PMID 10837285 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-06 | Glycaemic load and an inflammation marker Liu S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 · PMID 11864854 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-07 | Fast-acting carbohydrate diets and diabetes Bhupathiraju SN et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24787496 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.079533 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-WHT-08 | Glycaemic load and heart disease in Italy Sieri S et al.. Arch Intern Med 2010 · PMID 20386010 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.15 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-09 | Grains and belly fat McKeown NM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2010 · PMID 20881074 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29106 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-10 | White bread and overweight in Spain de la Fuente-Arrillaga C et al.. BMC Public Health 2014 · PMID 25335643 · DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1091 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-11 | Grains and metabolic syndrome Guo H et al.. Front Nutr 2021 · PMID 34277690 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2021.695620 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-12 | Whole grains and metabolic markers McKeown NM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 · PMID 12145012 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.390 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-13 | Whole grain and bran and diabetes de Munter JS et al.. PLoS Med 2007 · PMID 17760498 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040261 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-WHT-14 | Cereal fibre and diabetes in Europe InterAct Consortium. Diabetologia 2015 · PMID 26021487 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-015-3585-9 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-WHT-15 | GI, fibre and diabetes in young women Schulze MB et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15277155 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-16 | Gluten protein and gut tissue in the lab Drago S et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006 · PMID 16635908 · DOI 10.1080/00365520500235334 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-WHT-17 | How gluten protein binds gut cells Lammers KM et al.. Gastroenterology 2008 · PMID 18485912 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-WHT-18 | White rice and diabetes, heart disease, cancer Lai H et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 · PMID 35852223 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101984 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
Archive rule: soft drinks (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-SOD-01 | Sugary drinks and diabetes risk: pooled cohorts Malik VS et al.. Diabetes Care 2010 · PMID 20693348 · DOI 10.2337/dc10-1079 | Meta-analysis | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-02 | Diet soda, stroke and dementia in Framingham Pase MP et al.. Stroke 2017 · PMID 28428346 · DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016027 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-03 | Cola and bone density in older women Tucker KL et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 · PMID 17023723 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-04 | Sugary drinks and child obesity Ludwig DS et al.. Lancet 2001 · PMID 11229668 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04041-1 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-05 | Sugary and diet drinks and death in 118,000 US adults Malik VS et al.. Circulation 2019 · PMID 30882235 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-06 | Soft drinks and gout in men Choi HK, Curhan G. BMJ 2008 · PMID 18244959 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-07 | Fructose vs glucose drinks for 10 weeks Stanhope KL et al.. J Clin Invest 2009 · PMID 19381015 · DOI 10.1172/JCI37385 | Other | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-08 | Sugary drinks, diet drinks, juice and diabetes Imamura F et al.. BMJ 2015 · PMID 26199070 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h3576 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SOD-09 | Sweeteners, gut bacteria and blood sugar Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-10 | Sugary drinks, weight and diabetes in 91,000 women Schulze MB et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 15328324 · DOI 10.1001/jama.292.8.927 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-SOD-11 | Added sugar and children's heart health Vos MB et al.. Circulation 2017 · PMID 27550974 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000439 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-12 | Sugary drinks and fatty liver Ma J et al.. J Hepatol 2015 · PMID 26055949 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.032 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-13 | Cola and kidney disease Saldana TM et al.. Epidemiology 2007 · PMID 17525693 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3180646338 | Case-control study | low | taken out of context |
| A-SOD-14 | Sweetened drinks and heart disease in men de Koning L et al.. Circulation 2012 · PMID 22412070 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067017 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-15 | Sugary drinks and heart disease in women Fung TT et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 · PMID 19211821 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27140 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-16 | Added sugar and heart deaths in the US Yang Q et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2014 · PMID 24493081 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-17 | Soft drinks and death in 10 European countries Mullee A et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31479109 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-18 | Cutting sugary drinks and blood pressure Chen L et al.. Circulation 2010 · PMID 20497980 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911164 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-19 | Sugary drinks and teeth Valenzuela MJ et al.. Eur J Public Health 2021 · PMID 32830237 · DOI 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-20 | Sugary drinks and weight gain: meta-analysis Malik VS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23966427 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| A-SOD-21 | Soda calories vs jelly-bean calories DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10878689 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-22 | High-fructose corn syrup and US obesity trends Bray GA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15051594 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.537 | Ecological study | very low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-23 | Sweetened drinks dose-response Qin P et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2020 · PMID 32529512 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-020-00655-y | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: ultra-processed foods (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-UPF-01 | Ultra-processed vs unprocessed diet in hospital Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2019 · PMID 31105044 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-02 | Ultra-processed food and death in France Schnabel L et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2019 · PMID 30742202 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7289 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-03 | Ultra-processed food and death in Spanish graduates Rico-Campà A et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31142450 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1949 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-04 | Ultra-processed food and heart disease in France Srour B et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31142457 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1451 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-05 | Ultra-processed food and type 2 diabetes in France Srour B et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2020 · PMID 31841598 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-06 | Ultra-processed food and cancer in France Fiolet T et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29444771 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k322 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-07 | Ultra-processed food and death in Italy Bonaccio M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 33333551 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa299 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-08 | Ultra-processed food and weight gain in Spain Mendonça RD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 27733404 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.135004 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-09 | Ultra-processed food and BMI in France Beslay M et al.. PLoS Med 2020 · PMID 32853224 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-10 | Ultra-processed food and body fat in children Costa CS et al.. Public Health Nutr 2018 · PMID 28676132 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980017001331 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| A-UPF-11 | Ultra-processed food and depressive symptoms Adjibade M et al.. BMC Med 2019 · PMID 30982472 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-019-1312-y | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-12 | Ultra-processed food and inflammatory bowel disease in 21 countries Narula N et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34261638 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.n1554 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-13 | Umbrella review: ultra-processed food and health Lane MM et al.. BMJ 2024 · PMID 38418082 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2023-077310 | Systematic review | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-UPF-14 | Ultra-processed food and health: meta-analysis Pagliai G et al.. Br J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32792031 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114520002688 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-15 | Emulsifiers and gut inflammation in mice Chassaing B et al.. Nature 2015 · PMID 25731162 · DOI 10.1038/nature14232 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-UPF-16 | Emulsifier CMC in a small human trial Chassaing B et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 34774538 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.006 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-17 | Sweeteners and gut bacteria (duplicate) Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-18 | Artificial sweeteners and cancer in France Debras C et al.. PLoS Med 2022 · PMID 35324894 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003950 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-19 | Artificial sweeteners and heart disease in France Debras C et al.. BMJ 2022 · PMID 36638072 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071204 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-20 | IARC on aspartame Riboli E et al.. Lancet Oncol 2023 · PMID 37454664 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00341-8 | Risk assessment | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-21 | EFSA: titanium dioxide no longer safe EFSA FAF Panel et al.. EFSA J 2021 · PMID 33976718 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585 | Risk assessment | high | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-22 | What are ultra-processed foods? Monteiro CA et al.. Public Health Nutr 2019 · PMID 30744710 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980018003762 | Narrative review | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-23 | Trans fats and heart disease (review) Mozaffarian D et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16611951 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMra054035 | Narrative review | moderate | not verifiable |
Archive rule: organ removal (20)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ORG-01 | Danish children: tonsil/adenoid removal and later illness Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-02 | Sweden: autoimmune diseases after tonsil removal Ji J et al.. J Autoimmun 2016 · PMID 27344241 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.007 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-03 | Trial: tonsil/adenoid surgery for children with sleep apnea Marcus CL et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23692173 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1215881 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| A-ORG-04 | Appendix removal and ulcerative colitis Andersson RE et al.. N Engl J Med 2001 · PMID 11248156 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM200103153441104 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-05 | Appendix removal and bowel cancer Song H et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 26959234 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151262 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-06 | Gallbladder removal and bowel cancer Lagergren J et al.. Gastroenterology 2001 · PMID 11522737 · DOI 10.1053/gast.2001.27083 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-07 | Editorial: gallbladder removal and fatty liver Nervi F et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23735917 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2013.84 | Other | very low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-08 | Gut bacteria overgrowth after gallbladder removal Sung HJ et al.. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015 · PMID 26351251 · DOI 10.5056/jnm15020 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-09 | Diarrhoea after gallbladder removal Farrugia A et al.. BMJ Open 2022 · PMID 35177439 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046172 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-10 | Hysterectomy and heart disease in Sweden Ingelsson E et al.. Eur Heart J 2011 · PMID 21186237 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq477 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-11 | Hysterectomy with ovaries kept Laughlin-Tommaso SK et al.. Menopause 2018 · PMID 29286988 · DOI 10.1097/GME.0000000000001043 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-12 | UK: hysterectomy and death risk Iversen L et al.. BMJ 2005 · PMID 15930026 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38483.669178.8F | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-13 | Nurses' Health Study: removing both ovaries at hysterectomy Parker WH et al.. Obstet Gynecol 2013 · PMID 23635669 · DOI 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182864350 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-14 | Ovary removal before menopause and dementia Rocca WA et al.. Neurology 2007 · PMID 17761551 · DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-ORG-15 | Ovary removal and chronic diseases Rocca WA et al.. Mayo Clin Proc 2016 · PMID 27693001 · DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.002 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-16 | Long-term risks after spleen removal in US veterans Kristinsson SY et al.. Haematologica 2014 · PMID 24056815 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2013.092460 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-17 | Denmark: heart and lung risks after spleen removal Rørholt M et al.. Haematologica 2017 · PMID 28572164 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2016.157008 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-ORG-18 | Severe infections without a spleen Chong J et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 · PMID 27776576 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268816002405 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-19 | US thyroid cancer: more diagnoses, same deaths Davies L et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014 · PMID 24557566 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1 | Ecological study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-20 | Why some people on thyroid hormone still feel unwell Perros P et al.. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023 · PMID 33783849 · DOI 10.1111/cen.14473 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
independent cross-check (362)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-FOOD-01 | Whole-diet glycaemic load and diabetes Livesey G et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23364021 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.041467 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-FOOD-02 | Glycaemic index/load of the diet and chronic disease Barclay AW et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 · PMID 18326601 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.627 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| I-ABX-01 | Antibiotic resistance deaths 1990-2050 GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet 2024 · PMID 39299261 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-02 | Antibiotic resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean EMR Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet Public Health 2025 · PMID 41082884 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00201-4 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-03 | Antibiotics and asthma: sibling comparison (Sweden) Örtqvist AK et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25432937 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6979 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-04 | Early antibiotics and childhood overweight (meta-analysis 2023) Chagas AP et al.. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023 · PMID 37573229 · DOI 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.07.001 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-05 | Infant antibiotics and overweight (meta-analysis 2018) Rasmussen SH et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018 · PMID 29359849 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13230 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-06 | Antibiotics and IBD in adults (Sweden) Nguyen LH et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 · PMID 32818437 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30267-3 | Case-control study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-07 | Faster antibiotics in sepsis save lives Seymour CW et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28528569 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1703058 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-08 | Antibiotic timing in septic shock Kumar A et al.. Crit Care Med 2006 · PMID 16625125 · DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-09 | Antibiotics for children's ear infections (Cochrane 2023) Venekamp RP et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 · PMID 37965923 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-10 | Pelvic inflammatory disease: management Curry A et al.. Am Fam Physician 2019 · PMID 31524362 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-11 | Antibiotics and vaginal thrush Xu J & Sobel JD. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003 · PMID 14642189 · DOI 10.1007/s11908-003-0091-x | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-01 | Meta-analysis: weight-loss surgery and survival Syn NL et al.. Lancet 2021 · PMID 33965067 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-02 | Diabetes 12 years after randomized surgery vs medicine Courcoulas AP et al.. JAMA 2024 · PMID 38411644 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2024.0318 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-03 | Italian 10-year diabetes surgery trial Mingrone G et al.. Lancet 2021 · PMID 33485454 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32649-0 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-04 | Meta-analysis: Barrett's after sleeve Chandan S et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025 · PMID 39059544 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.06.041 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-05 | Swiss trial: sleeve vs bypass Peterli R et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29340679 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.20897 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-06 | Meta-analysis: self-harm after surgery Castaneda D et al.. Obes Surg 2019 · PMID 30343409 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-018-3493-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-07 | Fractures after weight-loss surgery in Quebec Rousseau C et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27814663 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i3794 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-08 | Swedish study: fractures after gastric bypass Axelsson KF et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2018 · PMID 30011091 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.3553 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-09 | US guideline on nutrition after weight-loss surgery Mechanick JI et al.. Endocr Pract 2019 · PMID 31682518 · DOI 10.4158/GL-2019-0406 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-10 | Body weight and death risk worldwide Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Lancet 2016 · PMID 27423262 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-11 | When is weight-loss surgery recommended? Eisenberg D et al.. Obes Surg 2023 · PMID 36336720 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-022-06332-1 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-12 | Preventing gallstones after weight-loss surgery Mulliri A et al.. J Gastroenterol 2022 · PMID 35704084 · DOI 10.1007/s00535-022-01886-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-01 | Smokers die about ten years earlier; quitting gives years back Doll R et al.. BMJ 2004 · PMID 15213107 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-02 | Four in ten cancers in the USA are linked to avoidable risk factors, led by smoking Islami F et al.. CA Cancer J Clin 2024 · PMID 38990124 · DOI 10.3322/caac.21858 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-03 | Smoking, alcohol and excess weight lead global avoidable cancer deaths GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2022 · PMID 35988567 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-04 | About a third of cancer risk is inherited Mucci LA et al.. JAMA 2016 · PMID 26746459 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.17703 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-05 | Infections cause about 2.2 million cancers a year worldwide de Martel C et al.. Lancet Glob Health 2020 · PMID 31862245 · DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-06 | Cancer wasting is caused by the cancer itself Fearon K et al.. Lancet Oncol 2011 · PMID 21296615 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-07 | High sugar intake is linked to many health problems, weakly to some cancers Huang Y et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37019448 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-01 | Less antibiotics in farm animals, less resistance Tang KL et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2017 · PMID 29387833 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-02 | EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU (copy at legislation.gov.uk) 2003 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-CHK-03 | US withdrawal of arsenic drugs for poultry US Food and Drug Administration. FDA 2022 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-CHK-04 | EU report on antibiotic resistance in food animals EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38419967 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-05 | EFSA: controlling Campylobacter in broilers EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32874298 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-06 | IARC on red and processed meat Bouvard V et al.. Lancet Oncol 2015 · PMID 26514947 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-07 | Meat and 25 common conditions (UK) Papier K et al.. BMC Med 2021 · PMID 33648505 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-021-01922-9 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-08 | Meat types and death risk Abete I et al.. Br J Nutr 2014 · PMID 24932617 · DOI 10.1017/S000711451400124X | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-09 | Salmonella in Egyptian broiler chickens Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-z | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-10 | Bird flu H5N1 in Egypt Kayali G et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26886164 · DOI 10.3201/eid2203.150593 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-11 | Woody breast in modern chickens Greene ES et al.. Avian Pathol 2025 · PMID 40658058 · DOI 10.1080/03079457.2025.2533454 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-12 | Antibiotic residues in Egyptian chicken Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-13 | Colistin resistance in the Middle East and North Africa Saniour R et al.. Microorganisms 2026 · PMID 42655038 · DOI 10.3390/microorganisms14081693 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-14 | Cooking mutagens and colorectal cancer Chiavarini M et al.. Nutrients 2017 · PMID 28524104 · DOI 10.3390/nu9050514 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-15 | Salmonella in young pigeons (squabs) Osman KM et al.. Rev Sci Tech 2014 · PMID 25812222 · DOI 10.20506/rst.33.3.2336 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-01 | Chemotherapy after breast-cancer surgery reduces deaths by about a third EBCTCG. Lancet 2012 · PMID 22152853 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61625-5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-02 | Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery halves recurrence EBCTCG. Lancet 2011 · PMID 22019144 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61629-2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-03 | Patients who used only alternative medicine for curable cancer died more often Johnson SB et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018 · PMID 28922780 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djx145 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-04 | Refusing standard cancer treatment, not complementary medicine itself, raised the risk of death Johnson SB et al.. JAMA Oncol 2018 · PMID 30027204 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2487 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-05 | About 9 in 10 children with leukaemia now survive Hunger SP et al.. J Clin Oncol 2012 · PMID 22412151 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2011.37.8018 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-06 | With modern techniques, radiotherapy's heart and lung risks are small for non-smokers Taylor C et al.. J Clin Oncol 2017 · PMID 28319436 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0722 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-07 | Each month of delay in cancer treatment raises the risk of death Hanna TP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 33148535 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4087 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-08 | Immunotherapy lets half of patients with advanced melanoma live at least five years Larkin J et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 31562797 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1910836 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-09 | Doxorubicin comes from a soil bacterium Arcamone F et al.. Biotechnol Bioeng 1969 · PMID 5365804 · DOI 10.1002/bit.260110607 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-10 | Cisplatin belongs to the platinum compounds Rosenberg B et al.. Nature 1969 · PMID 5782119 · DOI 10.1038/222385a0 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-11 | Dense tissue around pancreatic tumours can block chemotherapy in mice Olive KP et al.. Science 2009 · PMID 19460966 · DOI 10.1126/science.1171362 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-12 | Cancer death rates in the USA keep falling Siegel RL et al.. CA Cancer J Clin 2024 · PMID 38230766 · DOI 10.3322/caac.21820 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-01 | US cohorts: dairy neither lowers nor clearly raises mortality Ding M et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31776125 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l6204 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-02 | 29 cohorts: dairy neutral for heart disease and mortality Guo J et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28374228 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-017-0243-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-03 | Hip fractures: milk neutral, yogurt and cheese linked to fewer fractures Bian S et al.. BMC Public Health 2018 · PMID 29357845 · DOI 10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-04 | Independent review: A1 milk may upset digestion, other effects unproven Küllenberg de Gaudry D et al.. Nutr Rev 2019 · PMID 30722004 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuy063 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-05 | Industry-linked review: A1 milk effects mostly shown in rodents Brooke-Taylor S et al.. Adv Nutr 2017 · PMID 28916574 · DOI 10.3945/an.116.013953 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-06 | Men with higher IGF-1 levels get prostate cancer somewhat more often Travis RC et al.. Cancer Res 2016 · PMID 26921328 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1551 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-07 | Milk linked to slightly more Parkinson's, yogurt not Jiang W et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2014 · PMID 24894826 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-08 | Meta-analysis: milk linked to acne, yogurt and cheese not Aghasi M et al.. Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 29778512 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.015 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-09 | 78,529 young people: dairy of all kinds linked to acne Juhl CR et al.. Nutrients 2018 · PMID 30096883 · DOI 10.3390/nu10081049 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-10 | Yogurt linked to lower diabetes risk Chen M et al.. BMC Med 2014 · PMID 25420418 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-11 | Milk linked to lower bowel cancer risk Aune D et al.. Ann Oncol 2012 · PMID 21617020 · DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdr269 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-12 | Overview of 41 reviews: milk more often linked to benefit than harm Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-13 | Many aged Italian cheeses contain almost no lactose Facioni MS et al.. Foods 2021 · PMID 34574346 · DOI 10.3390/foods10092236 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-14 | Lactose intolerance is common and managed by reducing lactose Facioni MS et al.. J Transl Med 2020 · PMID 32590986 · DOI 10.1186/s12967-020-02429-2 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-15 | Cheese eaters had slightly fewer heart attacks and strokes Chen GC et al.. Eur J Nutr 2017 · PMID 27517544 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1292-z | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-16 | Mould toxin found in Middle-East milk, including Egypt Rahmani J et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 2018 · PMID 29902498 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-17 | Review: milk naturally contains hormones Malekinejad H et al.. Iran J Public Health 2015 · PMID 26258087 | Narrative review | very low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-18 | Trials: dairy does not raise inflammation markers Moosavian SP et al.. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020 · PMID 32409275 · DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.011 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-19 | 52 trials: dairy anti-inflammatory except in milk allergy Bordoni A et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017 · PMID 26287637 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2014.967385 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-01 | Eggs and heart disease: 1.7 million people Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32132002 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m513 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-02 | Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in 50 countries Dehghan M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31965140 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz348 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-03 | Eggs and heart disease in 0.5 million Chinese adults Qin C et al.. Heart 2018 · PMID 29785957 · DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312651 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-04 | Eggs and heart disease: dose-response review Godos J et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32865658 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-05 | Eggs and risk of death: 2.2 million people Mousavi SM et al.. Adv Nutr 2022 · PMID 35396834 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmac040 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-06 | AHA on dietary cholesterol Carson JAS et al.. Circulation 2020 · PMID 31838890 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-07 | Dietary cholesterol and LDL Vincent MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30596814 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy273 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-08 | Eggs and type 2 diabetes: updated analysis Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 32453379 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa115 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-09 | Eggs and hormone-related cancers: meta-analysis Keum N et al.. Br J Nutr 2015 · PMID 26293984 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114515002135 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-10 | Do eggs raise TMAO? A trial Wilcox J et al.. Am J Med 2021 · PMID 33872583 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-11 | How common are food allergies in Europe? Spolidoro GCI et al.. Allergy 2023 · PMID 37405695 · DOI 10.1111/all.15801 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-12 | Which foods do people blame for bad dreams? Nielsen T, Powell RA. Front Psychol 2015 · PMID 25741294 · DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00047 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-13 | Food sensitivities and nightmares Nielsen T et al.. Front Psychol 2025 · PMID 40667395 · DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1544475 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-14 | EU zoonoses report 2024 EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2025 · PMID 41377167 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9759 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-15 | EFSA: Salmonella in poultry flocks EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2019 · PMID 32626222 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-16 | EFSA on PFAS in food EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32994824 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-17 | EU rules for laying hens European Commission. EU legislation / EC web page 1999 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-FAST-01 | How the body fuels itself during starvation Cahill GF. Annu Rev Nutr 2006 · PMID 16848698 · DOI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-02 | Alternate-day fasting vs eating less every day Trepanowski JF et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2017 · PMID 28459931 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-03 | Time-restricted eating plus calorie restriction Liu D et al.. N Engl J Med 2022 · PMID 35443107 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-04 | 16:8 fasting without calorie targets Lowe DA et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2020 · PMID 32986097 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-05 | What intermittent fasting does to metabolism Patterson RE et al.. Annu Rev Nutr 2017 · PMID 28715993 · DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-06 | Food combining vs normal balanced diet Golay A et al.. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10805507 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801185 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-07 | How much protein older people need Bauer J et al.. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013 · PMID 23867520 · DOI 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-08 | Do we need eight glasses of water a day? Valtin H. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002 · PMID 12376390 · DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-09 | Drinking more water to prevent kidney stones Borghi L et al.. J Urol 1996 · PMID 8583588 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-10 | Fasting in Ramadan with diabetes (EPIDIAR) Salti I et al.. Diabetes Care 2004 · PMID 15451892 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2306 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-11 | IDF-DAR Ramadan guidelines 2021 Hassanein M et al.. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022 · PMID 35016991 · DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-12 | DiRECT: weight loss to put type 2 diabetes into remission Lean ME et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 29221645 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-13 | DiRECT after two years Lean MEJ et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019 · PMID 30852132 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-14 | DiRECT after five years Lean ME et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 38423026 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00385-6 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-01 | Cochrane: eating less saturated fat reduces heart and stroke events Hooper L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32827219 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-02 | Experts: LDL cholesterol causes artery disease Ference BA et al.. Eur Heart J 2017 · PMID 28444290 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-03 | Butter at usual amounts: little link to heart disease Pimpin L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27355649 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0158118 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-04 | Spanish trial: Mediterranean diet with olive oil prevented heart events Estruch R et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29897866 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-05 | More linoleic acid (seed oils) linked to less heart disease Farvid MS et al.. Circulation 2014 · PMID 25161045 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010236 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-06 | Old corn-oil trial: cholesterol fell but deaths did not Ramsden CE et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27071971 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i1246 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-07 | Some experts argue saturated fat limits are outdated Astrup A et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 · PMID 32562735 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.077 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-08 | WHO: keep saturated fat at or below 10% of energy World Health Organization. WHO guideline 2023 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-01 | Which fruits are linked to diabetes? Muraki I et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23990623 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.f5001 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-02 | Sugary drinks, juice and diabetes Imamura F et al.. BMJ 2015 · PMID 26199070 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h3576 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-03 | Fruits, vegetables and diabetes Halvorsen RE et al.. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2021 · PMID 35028521 · DOI 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-04 | Glycaemic index of dates Alkaabi JM et al.. Nutr J 2011 · PMID 21619670 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-10-59 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-05 | Poisoning from bitter zucchini Jung C et al.. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020 · PMID 32668470 · DOI 10.1055/a-1163-9741 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-FRU-06 | WHO limit on free sugars World Health Organization. WHO (web) 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-01 | Omega-3 in Scottish farmed salmon 2006-2015 Sprague M et al.. Sci Rep 2016 · PMID 26899924 · DOI 10.1038/srep21892 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-02 | Wild vs farmed Atlantic salmon (Norway 2017) Lundebye AK et al.. Environ Res 2017 · PMID 28189073 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-03 | Fish: benefits vs contaminant risks (2006) Mozaffarian D & Rimm EB. JAMA 2006 · PMID 17047219 · DOI 10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-04 | Fish in pregnancy and child development Hibbeln JR et al.. Lancet 2007 · PMID 17307104 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-05 | Health effects of low mercury exposure Karagas MR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2012 · PMID 22275730 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1104494 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-06 | Global antibiotic use in fish farming Schar D et al.. Sci Rep 2020 · PMID 33318576 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-78849-3 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-07 | Pesticides and antibiotics in Nile tilapia (Egypt) Eissa F et al.. Toxicol Rep 2020 · PMID 33384941 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.004 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-08 | Metals in Egyptian farmed tilapia Shaaban NA et al.. Environ Res 2021 · PMID 34043970 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111358 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-09 | Metals in Egyptian pond fish Abbas MMM et al.. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024 · PMID 38129339 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-023-04007-1 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-10 | Drain water and farmed tilapia (Egypt 2026) Farahat Abdelmawla M et al.. Toxicol Rep 2026 · PMID 42662802 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102331 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-11 | Antibiotics from poultry manure to fish (Egypt) Mahmoud MAM & Abdel-Mohsein HS. Environ Pollut 2019 · PMID 31521994 · DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113039 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-12 | Poultry manure in fish farms Abu-Elala N et al.. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015 · PMID 26280543 · DOI 10.1111/lam.12484 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-13 | Antibiotic use in Egyptian tilapia farms Desbois AP et al.. Aquaculture 2021 · PMID 34276104 · DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736735 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-14 | Metals in Egyptian market sea fish (2023-2024) Elshebrawy HA et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42632867 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-67201-w | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-15 | Toxic metals in North African seafood (meta-analysis) Nahal A & Mehouel F. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2026 · PMID 42250752 · DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106156 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-16 | How common is fish and shellfish allergy? Moonesinghe H et al.. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016 · PMID 27613460 · DOI 10.1016/j.anai.2016.07.015 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-17 | EFSA: dioxins in food (2018) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) et al.. EFSA J 2018 · PMID 32625737 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-18 | EFSA: PFAS in food (2020) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA CONTAM Panel) et al.. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32994824 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-19 | EFSA: PFOS and PFOA (2018) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) et al.. EFSA J 2018 · PMID 32625773 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-20 | EFSA: mercury in food (2012) EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J / EFSA press release 2012 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-21 | EFSA: fish benefits vs mercury (2015) EFSA Scientific Committee. EFSA J / EFSA press release 2015 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3982 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-01 | Is it gluten or another wheat component? Skodje GI et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29102613 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.040 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-02 | European guideline for coeliac disease Al-Toma A et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2019 · PMID 31210940 · DOI 10.1177/2050640619844125 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-03 | White rice and diabetes in 21 countries Bhavadharini B et al.. Diabetes Care 2020 · PMID 32873587 · DOI 10.2337/dc19-2335 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-04 | Potatoes, fries and diabetes Mousavi SM et al.. BMJ 2025 · PMID 40769531 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2024-082121 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-05 | Fried potatoes and mortality Veronese N et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2017 · PMID 28592612 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.117.154872 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-GRN-06 | EU food safety assessment of arsenic EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38239496 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-07 | Glycaemic index tables Atkinson FS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 34258626 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab233 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-01 | Maastricht VI: H. pylori management Malfertheiner P et al.. Gut 2022 · PMID 35944925 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-02 | Treating H. pylori prevents ulcers returning (Cochrane) Ford AC et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 · PMID 27092708 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003840.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-03 | H. pylori treatment and stomach cancer Ford AC et al.. Gut 2020 · PMID 32205420 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320839 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-04 | Wheat fructans, not gluten, cause symptoms Skodje GI et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29102613 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.040 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-05 | ACG IBS guideline Lacy BE et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2021 · PMID 33315591 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-06 | When abdominal pressure becomes dangerous Kirkpatrick AW et al.. Intensive Care Med 2013 · PMID 23673399 · DOI 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-07 | Dietary fibre and health Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-08 | Fermented foods and the immune system Wastyk HC et al.. Cell 2021 · PMID 34256014 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-09 | Diet and multiple sclerosis (Cochrane) Parks NE et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32428983 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004192.pub4 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-10 | EULAR 2023 lupus treatment Fanouriakis A et al.. Ann Rheum Dis 2024 · PMID 37827694 · DOI 10.1136/ard-2023-224762 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-01 | ADVANCE: intensive control to HbA1c 6.5% ADVANCE Collaborative Group; Patel A et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539916 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802987 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-02 | UKPDS legacy: 10 years after the trial Holman RR et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18784090 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0806470 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-03 | DCCT: better insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM et al.. N Engl J Med 1993 · PMID 8366922 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-04 | How much long-term blood sugar matters (UKPDS 35) Stratton IM et al.. BMJ 2000 · PMID 10938048 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-05 | Glargine and cancer in a randomised trial Bordeleau L et al.. Diabetes Care 2014 · PMID 24574355 · DOI 10.2337/dc13-1468 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-06 | Pooled studies of glargine and cancer Tang X et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 23284776 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0051814 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-07 | International guideline on diabetic ketoacidosis Umpierrez GE et al.. Diabetes Care 2024 · PMID 39052901 · DOI 10.2337/dci24-0032 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-08 | Review on diabetic ketoacidosis Dhatariya KK et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 · PMID 32409703 · DOI 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-09 | Low-fat vs low-carb in a metabolic ward Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2015 · PMID 26278052 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-10 | ADA guideline 2026: blood sugar goals and emergencies American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTA-01 | Does tea cause heartburn? Cao H et al.. Medicine 2019 · PMID 30681584 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000014173 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-02 | Do tea drinkers live shorter or longer? Kim Y et al.. Epidemiology and health 2024 · PMID 38938012 · DOI 10.4178/epih.e2024056 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-03 | Is tea good or bad for health overall? Yi M et al.. Molecular nutrition & food research 2019 · PMID 31216091 · DOI 10.1002/mnfr.201900389 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-04 | Does tea block iron from food? Disler PB et al.. Gut 1975 · PMID 1168162 · DOI 10.1136/gut.16.3.193 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-05 | Is there oxytocin in market milk? Mishra M et al.. Toxicology mechanisms and methods 2014 · PMID 24712660 · DOI 10.3109/15376516.2014.910851 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-06 | What does oxytocin do in dairy cows? Bruckmaier RM et al.. Journal of animal science 2008 · PMID 17709779 · DOI 10.2527/jas.2007-0335 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-07 | Which hormones make cows produce milk? Svennersten-Sjaunja K et al.. Domestic animal endocrinology 2005 · PMID 15876512 · DOI 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.03.006 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-08 | Can short fasting periods help chemotherapy work? de Groot S et al.. Nature communications 2020 · PMID 32576828 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-16138-3 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-09 | What should cancer patients eat? Arends J et al.. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2017 · PMID 27637832 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTA-10 | Does intermittent fasting help during chemotherapy? Maes J et al.. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2025 · PMID 40970988 · DOI 10.1007/s00520-025-09907-7 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-11 | Why do modern chickens grow so fast? Zuidhof MJ et al.. Poultry science 2014 · PMID 25260522 · DOI 10.3382/ps.2014-04291 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-12 | What causes bad breath? Memon MA et al.. Oral diseases 2023 · PMID 35212093 · DOI 10.1111/odi.14172 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-13 | Do eggs cause dementia? Sultan N et al.. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2025 · PMID 41061594 · DOI 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100696 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-14 | How fast does basmati rice raise blood sugar? Gunathilaka MD et al.. The Ceylon medical journal 2015 · PMID 26132185 · DOI 10.4038/cmj.v60i2.7545 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-15 | Do rice varieties differ in blood-sugar effect? Nisanka T U et al.. The Ceylon medical journal 2016 · PMID 28076944 · DOI 10.4038/cmj.v61i4.8381 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-16 | Which rice is digested most slowly? Pereira CL et al.. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 2023 · PMID 38201163 · DOI 10.3390/foods13010135 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-17 | Is all rice the same for blood sugar? Kaur B et al.. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 2016 · PMID 25590950 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2012.717976 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-18 | Is oxytocin absorbed when swallowed? Taherali F et al.. Pharmaceutics 2023 · PMID 37514143 · DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071956 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTB-01 | Review: how insulin works and how insulin resistance arises Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Physiol Rev 2018 · PMID 30067154 · DOI 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-02 | Insulin resistance appears years before type 2 diabetes Warram JH et al.. Ann Intern Med 1990 · PMID 2240915 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-909 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-03 | Does too much insulin cause insulin resistance? Shanik MH et al.. Diabetes Care 2008 · PMID 18227495 · DOI 10.2337/dc08-s264 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTB-04 | Chemotherapy can activate tumour 'exit doors' in mice Karagiannis GS et al.. Sci Transl Med 2017 · PMID 28679654 · DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0026 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-05 | Removing all armpit lymph nodes did not improve survival Fisher B et al.. N Engl J Med 2002 · PMID 12192016 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa020128 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-06 | Fewer lymph nodes removed, same survival Giuliano AE et al.. JAMA 2017 · PMID 28898379 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.11470 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-07 | Full lymph-node removal in melanoma did not extend life Faries MB et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28591523 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1613210 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-08 | Arm swelling after breast-cancer lymph-node surgery DiSipio T et al.. Lancet Oncol 2013 · PMID 23540561 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-09 | Skipping transplant drugs often leads to losing the kidney Butler JA et al.. Transplantation 2004 · PMID 15021846 · DOI 10.1097/01.tp.0000110408.83054.88 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-10 | Stopping steroids early after transplant, while keeping other drugs Woodle ES et al.. Ann Surg 2008 · PMID 18936569 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318187d1da | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-11 | International guideline for kidney-transplant care KDIGO Transplant Work Group. Am J Transplant 2009 · PMID 19845597 · DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02834.x | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-12 | Global burden of chronic kidney disease GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Lancet 2020 · PMID 32061315 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-13 | Flu vaccines in healthy adults Demicheli V et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 29388196 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-14 | How accurate are H. pylori tests? Best LM et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 29543326 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012080.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-15 | 50 years of vaccination: lives saved Shattock AJ et al.. Lancet 2024 · PMID 38705159 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00850-X | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-16 | Measles-mumps-rubella vaccines work and are safe Di Pietrantonj C et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 · PMID 34806766 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-17 | Vaccines do not cause autism Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccine 2014 · PMID 24814559 · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-18 | Statins: what 26 trials show CTT Collaboration, Baigent C et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 21067804 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-19 | Do statins cause muscle pain? Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2022 · PMID 36049498 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01545-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-20 | Statins slightly raise diabetes risk Sattar N et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 20167359 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-21 | Even one cigarette a day harms the heart Hackshaw A et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29367388 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.j5855 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-22 | Cortisol rises during pregnancy Jung C et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 · PMID 21367926 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2010-2395 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-23 | Abdominal pressure in pregnancy Chun R, Kirkpatrick AW. Ann Intensive Care 2012 · PMID 22873421 · DOI 10.1186/2110-5820-2-S1-S5 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-01 | Why the body needs water Popkin BM et al.. Nutr Rev 2010 · PMID 20646222 · DOI 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-02 | Too little and too much can both harm Renwick AG et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 2004 · PMID 15500928 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.013 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-03 | US diabetes guideline on food and lifestyle American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358898 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S005 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-04 | International guideline on lupus kidney disease Rovin BH et al.. Kidney Int 2024 · PMID 38182299 · DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.001 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-05 | What causes a blocked small intestine Ten Broek RPG et al.. World J Emerg Surg 2018 · PMID 29946347 · DOI 10.1186/s13017-018-0185-2 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-06 | How meals trigger insulin Nauck MA et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018 · PMID 29364588 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13129 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-07 | Why chewing and saliva matter Pedersen AM et al.. Oral Dis 2002 · PMID 12108756 · DOI 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.02851.x | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-08 | Food balls that block the gut are rare Iwamuro M et al.. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2015 · PMID 25901212 · DOI 10.4253/wjge.v7.i4.336 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-09 | Weight-loss surgery and rheumatoid arthritis Maglio C et al.. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020 · PMID 31321442 · DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/kez275 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-10 | Bowel inflammation after weight-loss surgery Mian A et al.. Surgeon 2023 · PMID 35660070 · DOI 10.1016/j.surge.2022.04.008 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-11 | Fibromyalgia and obesity D'Onghia M et al.. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021 · PMID 33676126 · DOI 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.02.007 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-12 | Breastfeeding and appendicitis Alves JG et al.. Trop Doct 2008 · PMID 18820196 · DOI 10.1258/td.2008.070404 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-13 | What is linked to sleep apnoea in children Xu Z et al.. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020 · PMID 32131901 · DOI 10.1186/s40463-020-0404-1 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-14 | Benefits of breastfeeding Victora CG et al.. Lancet 2016 · PMID 26869575 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-15 | Instant noodles and metabolic health in Korea Shin HJ et al.. J Nutr 2014 · PMID 24966409 · DOI 10.3945/jn.113.188441 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-01 | Legumes and death rates Zargarzadeh N et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 36811595 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.009 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-02 | Beans and lentils lower LDL cholesterol Ha V et al.. CMAJ 2014 · PMID 24710915 · DOI 10.1503/cmaj.131727 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-03 | Legumes and inflammation marker CRP Salehi-Abargouei A et al.. Nutrition 2015 · PMID 25837205 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.018 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-04 | Legumes and heart disease Afshin A et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24898241 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.076901 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-05 | Favism in Egyptian children Hagag AA et al.. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2018 · PMID 28982343 · DOI 10.2174/1871530317666171003160350 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-06 | G6PD deficiency in jaundiced Egyptian newborns Abo El Fotoh WM et al.. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016 · PMID 26866975 · DOI 10.3109/14767058.2016.1148133 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-07 | G6PD deficiency in Egyptian oases Hussein L et al.. Biochem Genet 1992 · PMID 1590743 · DOI 10.1007/BF02399702 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-08 | G6PD deficiency review (Blood 2020) Luzzatto L et al.. Blood 2020 · PMID 32702756 · DOI 10.1182/blood.2019000944 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-09 | Global G6PD prevalence Nkhoma ET et al.. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009 · PMID 19233695 · DOI 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.12.005 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-10 | Adults fed soy formula as babies Strom BL et al.. JAMA 2001 · PMID 11497534 · DOI 10.1001/jama.286.7.807 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-11 | Early peanut prevents allergy Du Toit G et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 25705822 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1414850 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-12 | Food allergy deaths in the UK Baseggio Conrado A et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33597169 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.n251 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-13 | Low-FODMAP diet for IBS Black CJ et al.. Gut 2022 · PMID 34376515 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325214 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-01 | WHO cancer agency: processed meat causes bowel cancer, red meat probably does International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 114 2018 (evaluation 2015) | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-02 | Lancet Oncology summary of the IARC meat evaluation Bouvard V et al.. Lancet Oncol 2015 · PMID 26514947 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-03 | More red and processed meat, more bowel cancer Chan DS et al.. PLoS One 2011 · PMID 21674008 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0020456 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-04 | Cutting red meat changes cancer risk only slightly Han MA et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31569214 · DOI 10.7326/M19-0699 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-05 | A controversial panel: no strong reason to change meat intake Johnston BC et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31569235 · DOI 10.7326/M19-1621 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-06 | Too much vitamin A in early pregnancy linked to birth defects Rothman KJ et al.. N Engl J Med 1995 · PMID 7477116 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199511233332101 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-07 | NHS: avoid liver during pregnancy NHS (UK National Health Service). NHS website accessed 2026 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-08 | More meat, more gout; more dairy, less gout Choi HK et al.. N Engl J Med 2004 · PMID 15014182 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa035700 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-09 | Heme iron from meat linked to colon cancer Bastide NM et al.. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011 · PMID 21209396 · DOI 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-10 | Well-done, high-heat meat contains mutagens Zheng W et al.. Nutr Cancer 2009 · PMID 19838915 · DOI 10.1080/01635580802710741 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-01 | Metformin in overweight type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34) UKPDS Group. Lancet 1998 · PMID 9742977 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-02 | Empagliflozin heart trial Zinman B et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 26378978 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-03 | Dapagliflozin (Forxiga) in kidney disease Heerspink HJL et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 32970396 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-04 | Dapagliflozin in heart failure McMurray JJV et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 31535829 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-05 | Canagliflozin in diabetic kidney disease Perkovic V et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30990260 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-06 | Liraglutide heart trial Marso SP et al.. N Engl J Med 2016 · PMID 27295427 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-07 | Semaglutide heart safety trial Marso SP et al.. N Engl J Med 2016 · PMID 27633186 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-08 | Metformin and lactic acidosis: Cochrane review Salpeter SR et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 · PMID 20393934 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD002967.pub4 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-09 | SGLT2 drugs and ketoacidosis Douros A et al.. Ann Intern Med 2020 · PMID 32716707 · DOI 10.7326/M20-0289 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-10 | Ketoacidosis with normal blood sugar on SGLT2 drugs Peters AL et al.. Diabetes Care 2015 · PMID 26078479 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-0843 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-11 | GLP-1 drugs and pancreatitis in trials Storgaard H et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017 · PMID 28105738 · DOI 10.1111/dom.12885 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-12 | Fournier gangrene in SGLT2 trials Silverii GA et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020 · PMID 31637829 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13900 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-13 | RECORD: rosiglitazone heart outcomes Home PD et al.. Lancet 2009 · PMID 19501900 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-14 | Semaglutide and NAION: pooled analysis 1 Abdelaal A et al.. Ophthalmology 2026 · PMID 41692115 · DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.02.013 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-15 | Semaglutide and NAION: pooled analysis 2 Dhivagaran T et al.. Neurology 2026 · PMID 42060879 · DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000214864 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-16 | ADA guideline 2026: diabetes medicines American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358900 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S009 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-17 | ADA/EASD consensus 2022 Davies MJ et al.. Diabetes Care 2022 · PMID 36148880 · DOI 10.2337/dci22-0034 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-01 | Korea's thyroid cancer 'epidemic' Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Welch HG. N Engl J Med 2014 · PMID 25372084 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMp1409841 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-02 | Korea: thyroid screening and cancer diagnoses Ahn HS et al.. Thyroid 2016 · PMID 27627550 · DOI 10.1089/thy.2016.0075 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-03 | US task force: do not screen healthy adults for thyroid cancer US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2017 · PMID 28492905 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.4011 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-04 | Cochrane review: tonsil removal for repeated throat infections Burton MJ et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 · PMID 25407135 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub3 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-05 | UK trial: tonsil removal in adults with repeated tonsillitis Wilson JA et al.. Lancet 2023 · PMID 37209706 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00519-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-06 | US guideline on tonsil surgery in children Mitchell RB et al.. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019 · PMID 30798778 · DOI 10.1177/0194599818801757 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-07 | Antibiotics instead of surgery for appendicitis CODA Collaborative; Flum DR et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 33017106 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2014320 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-08 | Finland: antibiotics for appendicitis after 5 years Salminen P et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 30264120 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.13201 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-09 | UK trial: remove the gallbladder or wait? Innes K et al.. Health Technol Assess 2024 · PMID 38943314 · DOI 10.3310/MNBY3104 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-10 | Meta-analysis: removing ovaries at hysterectomy Hassan H et al.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024 · PMID 37364803 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.043 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-11 | Infections after spleen removal Bisharat N et al.. J Infect 2001 · PMID 11798256 · DOI 10.1053/jinf.2001.0904 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-PPI-01 | Pantoprazole safety in a large randomised trial Moayyedi P et al.. Gastroenterology 2019 · PMID 31152740 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.05.056 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-02 | Why PPI–death links may be misleading Brown JP et al.. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021 · PMID 33393677 · DOI 10.1111/bcp.14728 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-03 | AGA advice on long-term PPIs Freedberg DE et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28257716 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.031 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-04 | How to stop PPIs safely (AGA 2022) Targownik LE et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35183361 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.247 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-05 | Canadian guideline for stopping PPIs Farrell B et al.. Can Fam Physician 2017 · PMID 28500192 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-06 | Rebound symptoms after stopping PPIs – review Lødrup AB et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23311977 · DOI 10.3109/00365521.2012.746395 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-07 | Does ranitidine form NDMA in people? Florian J et al.. JAMA 2021 · PMID 34180947 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.9199 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-08 | Omeprazole prevents bleeding with dual antiplatelet therapy Bhatt DL et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20925534 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1007964 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-09 | Barrett's oesophagus: high-dose PPI improves outcomes Jankowski JAZ et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 30057104 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31388-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-10 | ACG 2022 reflux guideline Katz PO et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2022 · PMID 34807007 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-01 | EU limits for veterinary drug residues European Commission. Official Journal of the EU 2010 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-02 | EU hormone ban in livestock Council of the EU. Official Journal of the EC 1996 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-03 | EU pesticide residue limits European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2005 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-04 | EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2003 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-05 | EU pesticide residues 2023 EFSA. EFSA J / EFSA news 2025 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9398 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-06 | EU pesticide residues 2024 EFSA. EFSA J (summary on EU Agri-food Transition Pathways platform, 14 Aug 2026) 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10054 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-07 | EU veterinary drug residues 2023 EFSA. EFSA news 2025 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-08 | Antibiotic residues in Egyptian chicken Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-09 | Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA) Kamaly HF & Sharkawy AA. Food Chem Toxicol 2023 · PMID 37956705 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114172 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-SOD-01 | Fizzy drinks and reflux: systematic review Johnson T et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010 · PMID 20055784 · DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04232.x | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-02 | Sparkling water for indigestion Cuomo R et al.. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 · PMID 12352219 · DOI 10.1097/00042737-200209000-00010 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-SOD-03 | Sweeteners and blood sugar: a 120-person trial Suez J et al.. Cell 2022 · PMID 35987213 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-04 | Fructose and liver fat: trials Chiu S et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24569542 · DOI 10.1038/ejcn.2014.8 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-05 | Fructose and gout: meta-analysis Jamnik J et al.. BMJ Open 2016 · PMID 27697882 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-06 | Diet drinks and stroke in 81,000 women Mossavar-Rahmani Y et al.. Stroke 2019 · PMID 30802187 · DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023100 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-07 | Sugary drinks and bone density: meta-analysis Ahn H, Park YK. Nutr J 2021 · PMID 33952276 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-021-00698-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-08 | WHO on non-sugar sweeteners World Health Organization. WHO news release 2023 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-09 | IARC and JECFA on aspartame WHO / IARC / JECFA. WHO news release 2023 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-01 | Sugar and body weight: trials and cohorts Te Morenga L et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 23321486 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e7492 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-02 | Sugar and health: umbrella review Huang Y et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37019448 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-03 | EFSA: how much sugar is safe? EFSA NDA Panel et al.. EFSA J 2022 · PMID 35251356 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-04 | Sugar and tooth decay: 10-year update Moores CJ et al.. J Dent Res 2022 · PMID 35302414 · DOI 10.1177/00220345221082918 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-05 | WHO sugar guideline World Health Organization. WHO news release 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-06 | How much sugar is in honey vs white sugar? US Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central (database) SR Legacy | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-07 | Sugar cola vs diet cola vs sparkling water: blood sugar and insulin Galicia-Ayala C et al.. Nutrition 2026 · PMID 41016269 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112938 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-01 | Folic acid prevents spina bifida (MRC trial) MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 1991 · PMID 1677062 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-02 | Folic acid and birth defects (Cochrane) De-Regil LM et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 · PMID 26662928 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-03 | USPSTF: folic acid before pregnancy US Preventive Services Task Force et al.. JAMA 2023 · PMID 37526713 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.12876 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-04 | Iron in pregnancy (Cochrane) Peña-Rosas JP et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 · PMID 26198451 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-05 | Endocrine Society 2024 vitamin D guideline Demay MB et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 · PMID 38828931 · DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgae290 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-06 | Calcium and heart disease – updated review Chung M et al.. Ann Intern Med 2016 · PMID 27776363 · DOI 10.7326/M16-1165 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-07 | Folic acid and cancer – 50,000 trial participants Vollset SE et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23352552 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62001-7 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-08 | USPSTF evidence review 2022 O'Connor EA et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35727272 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.15650 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-09 | REDUCE-IT: prescription EPA Bhatt DL et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415628 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-10 | Which supplements harm the liver? Navarro VJ et al.. Hepatology 2017 · PMID 27677775 · DOI 10.1002/hep.28813 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-11 | Creatine safety position stand Kreider RB et al.. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017 · PMID 28615996 · DOI 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-SYS-01 | Poor diet is linked to about one in five adult deaths worldwide GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30954305 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-02 | High blood pressure and tobacco are the top risk factors for death worldwide GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2020 · PMID 33069327 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-03 | Sleeping too little or too much is linked to earlier death Cappuccio FP et al.. Sleep 2010 · PMID 20469800 · DOI 10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-04 | More daily movement, even light, is linked to much lower mortality Ekelund U et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31434697 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l4570 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-05 | Low-fat and low-carb diets led to similar weight loss Gardner CD et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29466592 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.0245 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-06 | Exercise alone leads to only small weight loss Thorogood A et al.. Am J Med 2011 · PMID 21787904 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.037 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-07 | Moving more does not burn proportionally more energy Pontzer H et al.. Curr Biol 2016 · PMID 26832439 · DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-08 | Slow breathing calms body and mind in short studies Zaccaro A et al.. Front Hum Neurosci 2018 · PMID 30245619 · DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-01 | Ultra-processed vs minimally processed healthy diets in England Dicken SJ et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 40760353 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-025-03842-0 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-02 | How reliable is the NOVA classification? Braesco V et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35314769 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01099-1 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-03 | A critical view of ultra-processed food research Gibney MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2017 · PMID 28793996 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.117.160440 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-04 | Emulsifiers and heart disease in France Sellem L et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37673430 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2023-076058 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-05 | Emulsifiers and diabetes in France Salame C et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 38663950 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00086-X | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-06 | How the EU regulates food additives European Commission (DG SANTE). European Commission website 2026 (accessed) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-01 | Fibre and health (Lancet 2019) Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-02 | Fruit, vegetables and death rates Aune D et al.. Int J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28338764 · DOI 10.1093/ije/dyw319 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-03 | How gut bacteria use fibre Koh A et al.. Cell 2016 · PMID 27259147 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-04 | Which foods cause food poisoning in the US Painter JA et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 · PMID 23622497 · DOI 10.3201/eid1903.111866 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-05 | Dietary oxalate and kidney stones Taylor EN, Curhan GC. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 · PMID 17538185 · DOI 10.1681/ASN.2007020219 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-06 | Vegetable-rich diet and kidney stones Taylor EN et al.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 · PMID 19679672 · DOI 10.1681/ASN.2009030276 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-07 | Where urinary oxalate comes from Crivelli JJ et al.. Nutrients 2020 · PMID 33379176 · DOI 10.3390/nu13010062 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-08 | Nitrate and infant blood disorder Greer FR, Shannon M. Pediatrics 2005 · PMID 16140723 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-1497 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-09 | Dietary nitrate and blood pressure Siervo M et al.. J Nutr 2013 · PMID 23596162 · DOI 10.3945/jn.112.170233 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-10 | Bitter squash poisoning in France Le Roux G et al.. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018 · PMID 29323540 · DOI 10.1080/15563650.2018.1424891 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-11 | Pesticide residues in Egyptian market produce El-Sheikh EA et al.. Molecules 2022 · PMID 36432173 · DOI 10.3390/molecules27228072 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-12 | Egyptian residue monitoring 1997 Dogheim SM et al.. Food Addit Contam 2002 · PMID 12456272 · DOI 10.1080/02652030210157655 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-13 | Potassium and blood pressure Aburto NJ et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23558164 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.f1378 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-14 | EU nitrate limits for leafy vegetables European Commission. Official document 2023 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-15 | EU pesticide residue monitoring 2023 EFSA. Official document 2025 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-16 | Source of the 2011 E. coli outbreak EFSA. Official document 2011 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-17 | German authority on bitter zucchini BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment). Official document 2015 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-01 | Fibre and whole grains and health Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-02 | Refined grains and heart disease (industry-linked author) Gaesser GA. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024 · PMID 36075506 · DOI 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.08.002 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-03 | Diet and reflux El-Serag HB et al.. Gut 2005 · PMID 15591498 · DOI 10.1136/gut.2004.040337 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-04 | How common is coeliac disease? Singh P et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018 · PMID 29551598 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-05 | Foods and fatty liver He K et al.. Br J Nutr 2020 · PMID 32138796 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114520000914 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-06 | Carbohydrates and liver fat Orliacq J et al.. BMC Med 2023 · PMID 37968623 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-023-03135-8 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-07 | Gluten and heart disease in people without coeliac disease Lebwohl B et al.. BMJ 2017 · PMID 28465308 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.j1892 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |