所有谷物（包括燕麦、大米和玉米）中都含有麸质，因此"无麸质"面包或面粉是一个毫无意义的概念。
原始表述
ده بروتين موجود في اي حبه مهما اختلف اسمها يعني في القمح اسمه جلوتن في الاوت الشوفان موجود الافن موجود في الرز الارزن موجود في الذره الزي بروتين وكلهم تحت اسم جلدين بروتين
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
所有谷物（包括燕麦、大米和玉米）中都含有麸质，因此"无麸质"面包或面粉是一个毫无意义的概念。
出处
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- مشكلة الدقيق مش جلوتين (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年1月28日
- 时间戳
- 0:09:49 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
- 归属的不确定性
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.
- 所声称的机制
All cereal storage proteins are equivalent to gluten.
- 所声称的健康影响
Gluten-free products are pointless.
- 涉及人群
Everyone including coeliac patients.
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
来源版本存在差异
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! النسيج البيني و مقدمة عن الكلي (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年7月23日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript: 'مافيش حاجه اسمها جلوتن فري بريد'.
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- بدأت قناة ＂Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي＂ بثًا مباشرًاFAQs (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2026年4月6日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.
科学评估
基本错误 – 该说法的主要部分没有证据支持，或被严重夸大。
证据确定性: 高 – 进一步研究极不可能改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
All grains contain gluten; gluten-free is a myth.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
All cereals contain storage proteins of the prolamin family. Oats are a genuine grey zone (contamination; rare avenin sensitivity; I-GRN-111), and some coeliac patients form antibodies against maize zein (I-GRN-113), although no clinical harm from maize has been shown.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
Equating maize or rice proteins with wheat gluten is wrong for coeliac disease; rice and maize are standard safe staples in gluten-free diets.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
None material.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
None for the clinical conclusion.
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
I-GRN-02, I-GRN-105 (only wheat, barley and rye gluten is coeliac-toxic), I-GRN-107 (50 mg gluten/day damages the mucosa: basis of strict thresholds), I-GRN-112 (certified gluten-free flours about four times less often contaminated than unlabelled naturally gluten-free flours).
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
In the EU, 'gluten-free' labelling of foods is regulated because the distinction matters for coeliac patients (legal text not fetched in this review).
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
Gluten-free products are relevant for Egyptian coeliac patients.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
乳糜泻患者应依靠无麸质产品以及大米和玉米等天然不含麸质的谷物。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
It is botanically correct that all cereals contain storage proteins (prolamins such as avenin in oats, oryzenin/oryzin-type proteins in rice, zein in maize). Clinically, 'gluten' means the prolamins of wheat, barley and rye that trigger coeliac disease; rice and maize prolamins do not, which is the basis of gluten-free diets in guidelines (I-GRN-02).
- 来源质量
Live-stream/video statement.
- 地区可推广性
Universal.
- 个体例外情况
A minority of coeliac patients also react to oats (addressed in guidelines).
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
已被科学证据否定 – 高质量证据显示情况恰恰相反，或该说法与已确立的生理学知识相矛盾。
研究问题: Do rice, maize and oats contain coeliac-toxic gluten, making "gluten-free" products meaningless for people with coeliac disease?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- People with coeliac disease
- 干预或暴露
- Rice, maize, oats and products labelled gluten-free
- 对照
- Wheat, barley, rye; unlabelled naturally gluten-free products
- 地域范围
- universal biology; production-dependent contamination (regional market data from Turkey)
- 结局指标
- Mucosal damage/serology in coeliac disease
- Gluten contamination of products
- Immune recognition of non-wheat prolamins
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
Some coeliac patients make antibodies against corn protein
Some newly diagnosed coeliac patients have IgA antibodies to maize zein, indicating immune cross-recognition of a non-wheat prolamin.
- 实际结果
- IgA anti-zein 35.1% in coeliac vs 2.3% in controls.
- 方法学质量
- low (cross-sectional, in-house assay)
- 相关性
- indirect: antibodies, not clinical harm
- 局限
- Cross-reactivity in untreated disease; no outcome data.
Pure oats seem safe for most people with coeliac disease
Pinto-Sánchez MI et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28431885 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009 Meta分析已核查摘要新增Oats are a genuine grey zone: contamination and rare avenin sensitivity; but pure oats did not harm coeliac patients in trials.
- 实际结果
- Symptoms SMD -0.22 (-0.56 to 0.13); histology RR 0.24 (0.01-4.8); low-quality evidence.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (meta-analysis, low-quality trials)
- 相关性
- direct for oats
- 局限
- Imprecise.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
European guideline for coeliac disease
Al-Toma A et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2019 · PMID 31210940 · DOI 10.1177/2050640619844125 指南 / 立场声明全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估ESsCD: coeliac-toxic gluten is in wheat, barley and rye; maize, rice and uncontaminated oats are safe for (almost) all patients; 20 ppm labelling threshold.
- 实际结果
- Strong recommendations (full text).
- 方法学质量
- high (guideline)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- None.
Certified gluten-free flour is much cleaner than loose "naturally gluten-free" flour
Certified gluten-free flours were about four times less often contaminated than unlabelled "naturally gluten-free" flours; contamination comes from wheat cross-contact.
- 实际结果
- >20 ppm: 9/54 (16.7%) certified vs 28/56 (50%) and 45/53 (84.9%) unlabelled; certified rice flour 0/15.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (laboratory survey)
- 相关性
- direct; regional market (Turkey)
- 局限
- One country.
Even 50 mg of gluten a day harms the gut in coeliac disease
Randomised trial showing that 50 mg gluten/day damages the mucosa in treated coeliac disease; basis of the strict gluten-free threshold.
- 实际结果
- Vh/Cd -20% (50 mg) vs +9% (placebo).
- 方法学质量
- moderate (small RCT)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Small, 90 days.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
Only the prolamins of wheat, barley and rye (and rarely oat avenin) are coeliac-toxic; rice and maize are safe staples of the gluten-free diet; certified gluten-free labelling measurably reduces gluten exposure.
为什么有些研究权重更大
GRADE-based guidelines and the threshold RCT outweigh an antibody prevalence study; contamination data show the label has practical value.
因果关系是否已确立？ 是，已确立 Gluten from wheat, barley and rye causes coeliac mucosal damage at doses as low as 50 mg/day; no comparable evidence for rice or maize.
仍存在的不确定性
Whether maize prolamins harm a very small subgroup of non-responsive coeliac patients; contamination levels in Egyptian products.
合理的结论
"Gluten-free" is a meaningful and protective concept for coeliac patients.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
The claim mixes botany (all cereals have prolamin storage proteins, correct) with clinical toxicity (only wheat, barley, rye prolamins trigger coeliac disease). Anti-zein antibodies (I-GRN-113) show immune recognition, not mucosal harm.
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal.
- 饮食习惯
- Rice and maize are common Egyptian staples suitable for coeliac patients.
- 食品原产地
- Cross-contact in milling and loose sale increases contamination (I-GRN-112).
- 污染物
- Gluten contamination of naturally gluten-free flours is frequent in unregulated sale.
- 本国生产条件
- Egyptian gluten-free certification not reviewed.
- 法律规则
- EU Regulation (EC) 41/2009 / Codex: <=20 ppm.
- 实际监测数据
- No Egyptian contamination data found.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Recalculate proportions (Wilson CI) and RR naturally vs certified gluten-free – 16.7% (9.0-28.7), 50.0% (37.3-62.7), 84.9% (72.9-92.1); RR 4.02 (2.18-7.40). 已重新计算
- Relate trial dose to the 20 ppm label threshold – 0.5 kg/day of food at 20 mg/kg = 10 mg gluten, below the harmful 50 mg/day. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- Coeliac mucosal harm from rice/maize vs wheat-barley-rye gluten
- 起始等级
- 高（随机试验）
- 结果
- 高
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- ESsCD (European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease): ESsCD guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders (Al-Toma et al., UEG J 2019; study I-GRN-02) (2019) · 原始文献
Diagnostic testing (serology and biopsy) should be performed on a gluten-containing diet; a gluten-free diet should be introduced only when diagnosis is conclusive (strong, high); patients with coeliac disease should adhere to a lifelong gluten-free diet (strong, high); gluten-containing cereals are wheat, barley and rye; maize and oats are naturally gluten-free but can be contaminated; uncontaminated oats are tolerated by most patients; foods labelled gluten-free must contain <=20 ppm (EC 41/2009); NCGS is considered only after coeliac disease and wheat allergy are excluded on a gluten-containing diet; patients advised to eat whole-grain rice, maize, potatoes and vegetables. - American College of Gastroenterology: ACG Guidelines Update: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease (Rubio-Tapia et al., Am J Gastroenterol 2023; I-GRN-105) (2023) · 原始文献
Abstract only (publisher full text blocked): coeliac disease is a permanent immune-mediated response to gluten in wheat, barley and rye; tTG antibodies for screening; biopsy required in most patients; treatment requires strict gluten-free diet and lifelong medical follow-up. - Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Celiac Disease: An Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence-Based Nutrition Practice Guideline (McDermid et al., J Acad Nutr Diet 2023) (2023) · 原始文献
Abstract: all individuals with coeliac disease should follow a gluten-free diet (1C, imperative), which may include gluten-free oats in adults (2D, conditional); children should follow a nutritionally adequate gluten-free diet. - NICE (UK): Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management (NG20), Recommendations (2015) · 原始文献
Offer serological testing for unexplained GI symptoms, fatigue, weight loss, unexplained iron/B12/folate deficiency, IBS in adults, type 1 diabetes, first-degree relatives; tests are accurate only on a gluten-containing diet; do not start a gluten-free diet until a specialist confirms the diagnosis; eat gluten in more than one meal daily for at least 6 weeks before testing; gluten-free oats can be included.
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (maize[tiab] OR corn[tiab] OR zein[tiab] OR rice[tiab]) AND prolamin*[tiab] AND (celiac[tiab] OR coeliac[tiab]) AND (immun*[tiab] OR T cell*[tiab] OR IgA[tiab]) | 支持性证据 | 32 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:"gluten-free" AND (TITLE:rice OR TITLE:maize OR TITLE:corn OR TITLE:oats)) AND (celiac OR coeliac) AND (contamination OR "gluten content" OR ppm) | 双向 | 41 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (gluten-free[ti]) AND (naturally gluten-free[tiab] OR labeled gluten-free[tiab] OR labelled gluten-free[tiab]) AND (contamination[tiab] OR cross-contact[tiab]) AND (grain*[tiab] OR flour*[tiab]) | 双向 | 8 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | oats[ti] AND (celiac[ti] OR coeliac[ti]) AND (meta-analysis[pt] OR systematic review[ti]) | 双向 | 3 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | safe gluten threshold[ti] celiac | 反对性证据 | 2 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (celiac disease[ti]) AND (guideline[ti] OR guidelines[ti]) AND 2020:2026[dp] | 指南 | 21 |
待解决的问题
Gluten contamination of Egyptian naturally gluten-free and certified products.
核查深度如何？
6 项相关研究：2 项核查了全文（其中 1 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），4 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 基本错误 (高)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 基本错误 (高)
Unchanged. The botanical part (prolamins in all cereals) remains correct; new market data (I-GRN-112) and the threshold RCT (I-GRN-107) reinforce that gluten-free labelling is meaningful. Maize anti-zein antibodies (I-GRN-113) are acknowledged as weak, indirect support.
新来源: I-GRN-107 I-GRN-111 I-GRN-112 I-GRN-113 I-GRN-105
通俗解释
所有谷物都含有蛋白质，但只有小麦、大麦和黑麦中的蛋白质会伤害乳糜泻患者。大米和玉米对他们是安全的。这就是无麸质产品存在并且有用的原因。"所有谷物中都有麸质"这一说法混淆了这些不同的蛋白质。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (0)
该组中没有研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (4)
-
European guideline for coeliac disease
Al-Toma A et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2019 · PMID 31210940 · DOI 10.1177/2050640619844125指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究Coeliac disease needs a strict lifelong gluten-free diet; gluten is in wheat, rye and barley (not in uncontaminated rice, maize or oats); non-coeliac gluten sensitivity is recognised after coeliac disease and wheat allergy are excluded.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Guideline
- 研究是如何开展的？
Expert consensus guideline with GRADE grading, based on a PubMed literature review
- 实际发现了什么？
GFD is treatment
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Coeliac patients must avoid gluten
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Not based on a systematic review; small expert board; no conflict-of-interest statement in available text
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts denial and reintroduction claims
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not quantify how common NCGS is or whether gluten itself (rather than fructans/ATIs) causes its symptoms
-
Certified gluten-free flour is much cleaner than loose "naturally gluten-free" flour
Öcal HY et al.. Front Nutr 2025 · PMID 41459067 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2025.1707584检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究In Turkey, 17% of certified gluten-free flours but 50-85% of unlabelled naturally gluten-free flours exceeded the 20 ppm gluten limit.
Certified gluten-free flours were much less contaminated; contamination of rice and corn arises from wheat cross-contact.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Measure gluten contamination of flours.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Laboratory testing of shop samples.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
163 flours.
- 实际发现了什么？
Unlabelled flours often contaminated.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
16.7% vs 50% vs 84.9%.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Gluten-free labels make a real difference for coeliac patients.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
One country.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts the claim that gluten-free is meaningless.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not measure health outcomes.
-
Even 50 mg of gluten a day harms the gut in coeliac disease
Catassi C et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 · PMID 17209192 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.160随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究In treated coeliac patients, 50 mg gluten daily for 3 months reduced villus height by about 20%; placebo did not.
Explains why the gluten-free threshold matters.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Find a safe trace-gluten level.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Randomised blinded capsule trial.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
49 adults with coeliac disease.
- 实际发现了什么？
50 mg/day damaged villi.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
-20% Vh/Cd vs +9% on placebo.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Strictness matters: small amounts are harmful.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Small, short.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts reintroducing gluten; supports gluten-free standards.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Basis of EU limit.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not define risk for each individual.
-
US specialist guideline on coeliac disease (2023)
Rubio-Tapia A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2023 · PMID 36602836 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002075指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Coeliac disease is a lifelong immune reaction to gluten from wheat, barley and rye; treatment is a strict gluten-free diet with medical follow-up.
Clinically relevant gluten = wheat, barley, rye.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Guide diagnosis and treatment.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Expert guideline using GRADE.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable
- 实际发现了什么？
Antibody test, usually biopsy; strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
People with coeliac disease must avoid gluten strictly.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Only abstract read.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts denial of gluten disorders and gluten reintroduction.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Consistent with European guidance.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not address the non-coeliac claims in detail in the abstract.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)
-
Pure oats seem safe for most people with coeliac disease
Pinto-Sánchez MI et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28431885 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要Adding uncontaminated oats for up to 12 months did not change symptoms, gut histology or antibodies, but evidence quality was low.
Oats are a nuanced case (contamination, rare avenin sensitivity), but pure oats did not harm coeliac patients in trials.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Assess oats safety in coeliac disease.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
661 patients in trials.
- 实际发现了什么？
No harm detected.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
SMD -0.22 for symptoms (n.s.).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Pure oats are usually tolerated.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Low-quality evidence.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Shows oats are a special case, not that all grains contain coeliac-toxic gluten.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot exclude rare reactions.
-
Some coeliac patients make antibodies against corn protein
Sánchez-Vargas LA et al.. Nutrients 2021 · PMID 33671228 · DOI 10.3390/nu13020649横断面研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要About a third of newly diagnosed coeliac patients had antibodies to the maize protein zein, rarely seen in others.
Shows immune cross-recognition of maize prolamin in some coeliac patients, but not clinical harm.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Check immune reactions to maize protein.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Blood antibody tests.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
714 people.
- 实际发现了什么？
Anti-zein IgA common in new coeliac patients.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
35.1% vs 2.3%.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Maize proteins resemble gluten in some ways.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Antibodies are not disease.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Partly supports botanical similarity; not that maize is unsafe.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot show that maize damages the gut.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
In the EU, 'gluten-free' labelling of foods is regulated because the distinction matters for coeliac patients (legal text not fetched in this review).
埃及
Gluten-free products are relevant for Egyptian coeliac patients.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
基本错误 大米和玉米的蛋白质并不是医学意义上的"麸质"；无麸质食品对乳糜泻是有意义的。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：
- 农药与农药残留
- 真菌毒素（霉菌毒素）
谷物与大米
选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders.. Al-Toma A et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2019 · PMID 31210940 · DOI 10.1177/2050640619844125
- Naturally gluten-free flours are commonly contaminated, while commercially produced gluten-free flours are relatively safe: a market-based study in Turkey.. Öcal HY et al.. Front Nutr 2025 · PMID 41459067 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2025.1707584
- A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease.. Catassi C et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 · PMID 17209192 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.160
- American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines Update: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease.. Rubio-Tapia A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2023 · PMID 36602836 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002075
- Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies.. Pinto-Sánchez MI et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28431885 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009
- The Prevalence of Anti-Zein Antibodies: A Comparative Study between Celiac Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome.. Sánchez-Vargas LA et al.. Nutrients 2021 · PMID 33671228 · DOI 10.3390/nu13020649