家禽生产是人畜共患禽流感和人类呼吸道风险的来源（来自活禽市场家禽的H7N9；家禽养殖场附近的肺炎）。

研究人员想了解什么？

What are the clinical and viral features of human H7N9 infection linked to wet-market poultry?

研究是如何开展的？

Clinical case series with viral genome characterisation of human and market-poultry isolates

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

4 patients; 86 birds; Four hospitalised patients; 86 birds sampled

实际发现了什么？

All four had contact with live market poultry; two died; the human virus was almost identical to a market chicken virus; 20% of sampled chickens carried H7N9; no infections among 385 contacts.

观察到的效应有多大？

Descriptive

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Avoid contact with live birds in markets during outbreaks.

该研究有哪些局限？

Four patients

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Relevant to contact, not eating.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Low (no wet markets of this type).

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Cannot show risk from cooked chicken.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

Is living near poultry farms associated with pneumonia and altered upper-airway microbiota?

研究是如何开展的？

Spatial analysis of GP records plus microbiota analysis in hospitalised CAP patients

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

92,548; 126; 92,548 GP patients; 126 hospitalised CAP patients

实际发现了什么？

About 1 extra pneumonia per 1,000 people per year for each poultry farm within about 1 km (background 9 per 1,000), roughly 11% more; throat-bacteria differences were borderline and not significant after correction for multiple tests.

观察到的效应有多大？

Kernel model; PERMANOVA

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Farm emissions may affect neighbours.

该研究有哪些局限？

No adjustment for smoking or other confounders in the main model; distance as exposure proxy; small microbiota study without healthy controls; single year.

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Not about eating chicken.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

High (EU).

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Cannot show dietary risk or that farm emissions cause pneumonia.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

Epidemiology of H5N1 in Egyptian poultry and humans

研究是如何开展的？

Surveillance review

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

7,907 poultry samples (2013-2014) plus national human case data (292 cases 2006-2015)

实际发现了什么？

About 5% of sampled poultry carried avian influenza (winter peaks over 20%); abattoir samples were negative; 292 human H5N1 cases with 34% fatality, mostly after contact with backyard poultry, breeding or slaughtering birds.

观察到的效应有多大？

Descriptive

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Avoid handling sick birds; hygiene when slaughtering at home.

该研究有哪些局限？

Non-random sampling; official human case counts underestimate infections; narrative synthesis.

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Supports contact risk.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Low.

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Not about eating cooked chicken.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

What were the characteristics and exposures of human H5N1 cases in Egypt in 2014-15?

研究是如何开展的？

Surveillance case series

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

165 cases

实际发现了什么？

165 cases incl. 6 clusters and 51 deaths; 99% reported poultry exposure (19% to ill poultry, 35% to dead poultry); only 1 person reported wearing personal protective equipment while working with poultry.

观察到的效应有多大？

165 cases incl. 6 clusters and 51 deaths; 99% reported poultry exposure (19% to ill poultry, 35% to dead poultry); only 1 person reported wearing personal protective equipment while working with poultry.

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Contact with sick or dead household poultry was the danger.

该研究有哪些局限？

Descriptive; no control group

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Supports the zoonosis part for Egypt.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

EU human cases are rare.

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Does not concern eating cooked chicken.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

Which household poultry practices expose people in rural Egypt to H5N1?

研究是如何开展的？

Qualitative observational study (structured observation, in-depth interviews)

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

56 households (19 with human cases, 19 with poultry cases, 18 without)

实际发现了什么？

Half of households kept free-range poultry and mixed species; feeding and cleaning exposed children; home slaughter contaminated homes; protective barriers were not a norm; slaughter waste and dead chickens exposed communities; sick/dead poultry not reported; only minor changes after outbreaks.

观察到的效应有多大？

Half of households kept free-range poultry and mixed species; feeding and cleaning exposed children; home slaughter contaminated homes; protective barriers were not a norm; slaughter waste and dead chickens exposed communities; sick/dead poultry not reported; only minor changes after outbreaks.

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

The risk lies in handling and slaughtering live birds at home.

该研究有哪些局限？

Qualitative; small

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Supports the zoonosis risk; locates it in handling, not eating.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Not EU.

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

No quantitative risk estimate.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

Are domestic pigeons susceptible to HPAI H5N1 in Egypt?

研究是如何开展的？

Outbreak investigation plus experimental infection

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

outbreak flock; experimental 6-week-old pigeons

实际发现了什么？

Outbreak in domestic pigeons with 50% mortality; H5N1 clade 2.2.1/C isolated. Experimental oronasal inoculation: 30% showed signs, 10% mortality; infected and contact pigeons shed virus via oropharynx and cloaca.

观察到的效应有多大？

Outbreak in domestic pigeons with 50% mortality; H5N1 clade 2.2.1/C isolated. Experimental oronasal inoculation: 30% showed signs, 10% mortality; infected and contact pigeons shed virus via oropharynx and cloaca.

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Pigeons kept at home carry the same bird-flu risk when handled alive.

该研究有哪些局限？

Single outbreak

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Undermines the 'flying birds are safer' criterion.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Not EU data.

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

No human cases traced to pigeons here.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

Is the earlier association between pneumonia and proximity to goat and poultry farms confirmed in 2014-2016?

研究是如何开展的？

Population-based study of GP electronic medical records with several regression and kernel models

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

90,183 persons

实际发现了什么？

Adults, single-level regression: poultry farm within 500 m OR 1.03 (0.92-1.16), within 1000 m OR 1.02 (0.95-1.10); goat farm within 500 m OR 1.60 (1.25-2.03). Kernel analysis: poultry farms 0.6% risk increase in 2014 only; goat farms PAR 6.0-7.8%. Authors: 'associations with proximity to poultry farms are not supported by the present study'. Limitations: no data on smoking or socioeconomic status; exposure by distance only. Funded by Dutch Ministries of Health and Agriculture.

观察到的效应有多大？

Adults, single-level regression: poultry farm within 500 m OR 1.03 (0.92-1.16), within 1000 m OR 1.02 (0.95-1.10); goat farm within 500 m OR 1.60 (1.25-2.03). Kernel analysis: poultry farms 0.6% risk increase in 2014 only; goat farms PAR 6.0-7.8%. Authors: 'associations with proximity to poultry farms are not supported by the present study'. Limitations: no data on smoking or socioeconomic status; exposure by distance only. Funded by Dutch Ministries of Health and Agriculture.

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

The pneumonia risk near poultry farms seen earlier was not confirmed.

该研究有哪些局限？

No individual confounder data (smoking, SES); Distance as exposure proxy

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Weakens the respiratory-risk part of the claim; does not affect avian influenza.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Netherlands (EU).

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Cannot rule out small effects or effects near very large farms.

科学细节 →

研究人员想了解什么？

How do humans become infected with avian influenza and how is it prevented?

研究是如何开展的？

Agency fact sheet

研究了多少人、动物或样本？

not applicable

实际发现了什么？

Primary risk factor 'appears to be exposure to live or dead infected animals or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets. Handling carcasses of infected poultry, and preparing infected poultry for consumption, especially in household settings, are also risk factors.' 'There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs.' Advice: cook animal products properly; do not eat animals that died unexpectedly; avoid live poultry markets in affected areas.

观察到的效应有多大？

Primary risk factor 'appears to be exposure to live or dead infected animals or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets. Handling carcasses of infected poultry, and preparing infected poultry for consumption, especially in household settings, are also risk factors.' 'There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs.' Advice: cook animal products properly; do not eat animals that died unexpectedly; avoid live poultry markets in affected areas.

研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

Avoid touching sick or dead birds; cooked chicken is not a bird-flu risk.

该研究有哪些局限？

Fact sheet

它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

Supports the zoonosis part; limits any inference to eating chicken.

研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

Global.

从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

Not quantitative.

科学细节 →