Nezam El-Tayebat ファクトチェック食事法「نظام الطيبات」の科学的評価
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言語を選択: 日本語

情報源と方法

私たちがどのように作業したか、そしてこの検証の限界がどこにあるか。

  1. 一次情報源
  2. 誰が何を言ったのか？情報源の種類
  3. 引用された研究の確認
  4. 独立したクロスチェック
  5. 研究と発言の評価
  6. 限界
  7. 研究一覧
  8. ケーススタディ「EU／ドイツ – エジプト」の情報源

一次情報源

2026年10月25日、私たちは公開されている以下の情報源を保存し、分析しました：

アーカイブによれば、文字起こしはYouTubeの字幕またはAIによる文字起こしに由来します。タイムスタンプは含まれておらず、誤りを含む可能性があり、異なる話者を常に区別しているわけではありません。動画そのものを個別に視聴してはいません。

誰が何を言ったのか？情報源の種類

各発言には情報源の種類が付されています：

引用された研究の確認

アーカイブが引用した339件の研究すべてについて、PubMedデータベース（米国国立医学図書館の公式インターフェースを使用）またはCrossrefと自動的に照合し、存在、タイトル、発表年、学術誌、DOI、撤回と訂正の通知を確認しました。

独立したクロスチェック

各発言について、独立したエビデンスも探しました。システマティックレビュー、メタアナリシス、ランダム化試験、大規模なコホート研究、ガイドライン、当局や専門学会の声明（WHO、EFSA、BfR、BVL、欧州委員会、IARC、ADA/EASD、NHSなど）です。追加した研究もすべてPubMedで確認し、公式ページはすべて実際に取得しました。Elawady 医師の立場を支持するエビデンスも明示的に探しました。検索記録はプロジェクト内に文書化されています。

研究と発言の評価

基本的な考え方は科学を理解するで説明しています。要点は次のとおりです：

限界

研究一覧

英語の詳細な研究ページ →

ケーススタディ「EU／ドイツ – エジプト」の情報源

  1. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing EFSA (General Food Law); consolidated version 01.01.2026 (CELEX 02002R0178-20260101) – European Parliament and Council, 2002. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2002/178/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force (Cellar flag in_force=true). Art. 14(1): 'Food shall not be placed on the market if it is unsafe.' Establishes EFSA and the rapid alert system (RASFF).
  2. Regulation (EU) 2017/625 on official controls (Official Controls Regulation); consolidated version 05.01.2025 – European Parliament and Council, 2017. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/625/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Governs official controls on food and feed in Member States and on entry of goods from third countries; legal basis for third-country lists (Art. 127) and increased import controls.
  3. Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed – European Parliament and Council, 2005. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2005/396/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Art. 18(1)(b): default MRL of 0,01 mg/kg for products for which no specific MRL is set; recital: MRLs set at the lower level of analytical determination where uses are not authorised.
  4. Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin; consolidated 16.08.2026 – European Commission, 2010. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2010/37/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Lists allowed substances with MRLs and prohibited substances (Table 2) for food-producing animals.
  5. Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products; consolidated 28.01.2022 – European Parliament and Council, 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/6/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Art. 107(1): antimicrobials 'shall not be applied routinely nor used to compensate for poor hygiene, inadequate animal husbandry'; Art. 107(2): not to be used 'for the purpose of promoting growth nor to increase yield'; Art. 107(3): prophylaxis only in exceptional cases, antibiotic prophylaxis limited to an individual animal; Art. 107(4): metaphylaxis only when risk of spread is high and no appropriate alternatives exist. Art. 105: a veterinary prescription for antimicrobials 'shall be valid for five days from the date of its issue'. Art. 118(1): growth-promotion and reserved-antimicrobial prohibitions extended to imports.
  6. Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of beta-agonists; consolidated 18.12.2008 – Council of the EU, 1996. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1996/22/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Art. 3: Member States prohibit administering listed substances to farm or aquaculture animals. Art. 4/5 allow narrowly defined therapeutic/zootechnical veterinary use by a veterinarian; Art. 4 text: 'young fish may be treated for the first three months for the purpose of sex inversion with veterinary medicinal products that have an androgenous action' (authorised products only).
  7. Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food (repealing Reg. 1881/2006); consolidated 19.08.2026 – European Commission, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/915/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force (1881/2006 not in force since 2023-05-24). Values as read in Annex I: aflatoxin M1 in raw/heat-treated milk 0,050 µg/kg; groundnuts for direct consumption B1 2,0 / sum 4,0 µg/kg (8,0/15,0 before sorting); eggs (except goose) sum dioxins 2,5 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat, dioxins+dl-PCBs 5,0 pg/g fat, ndl-PCBs 40 ng/g fat; PFAS in eggs PFOS 1,0, PFOA 0,30, PFNA 0,70, PFHxS 0,30, sum of 4 PFAS 1,7 µg/kg; lead in fish muscle 0,30 mg/kg; cadmium in fish muscle (most species) 0,050 mg/kg; mercury in fish muscle (most species) 0,50 mg/kg; nitrate in fresh spinach 3 500 mg/kg, fresh lettuce 2 000–5 000 mg/kg depending on type/season/cover, rucola up to 7 000 mg/kg.
  8. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs; consolidated 01.07.2026 – European Commission, 2005. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2005/2073/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Food safety criterion 1.28: fresh poultry meat – Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis 'Not detected in 25 g' (n=5, c=0). Process hygiene criteria for Salmonella/Campylobacter on poultry carcases (neck skin). Criteria for egg products and RTE foods containing raw egg.
  9. Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents; consolidated 21.04.2021 – European Parliament and Council, 2003. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2003/2160/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Obliges Member States to run national Salmonella control programmes in poultry populations with Union reduction targets.
  10. Commission Regulation (EU) No 517/2011 – Union target for reduction of Salmonella serotypes in laying hens; and Commission Regulation (EU) No 200/2012 – Union target for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in broiler flocks – European Commission, 2011/2012. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/517/oj ; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/200/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Both in force. Laying hens: reduction to '2 % or less of positive flocks of adult laying hens' (target serovars S. Enteritidis/Typhimurium). Broilers: maximum percentage of flocks positive for S. Enteritidis/Typhimurium 'equal to 1% or less'.
  11. Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on the provision of food information to consumers; consolidated 01.04.2025 – European Parliament and Council, 2011. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2011/1169/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Mandatory food information (ingredients, allergens, nutrition declaration, origin rules). EFSA's 2024 pesticide report cites it as part of the obligation to report country of origin.
  12. Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (recast) – European Parliament and Council, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2020/2184/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. EU drinking water quality parameters, risk-based approach; transposed in Germany by TrinkwV 2023.
  13. Trinkwasserverordnung (TrinkwV) vom 20. Juni 2023 (BGBl. 2023 I Nr. 159) – Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (Germany), 2023. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/trinkwv_2023/BJNR09F0B0023.html (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Transposes Directive (EU) 2020/2184. Values read: nitrate 50 mg/l (with nitrate/50 + nitrite/3 ≤ 1); pesticides 0,00010 mg/l per substance; 'Summe PFAS-20' 0,00010 mg/l applicable from 12 January 2026; 'Summe PFAS-4' 0,000020 mg/l applicable from 12 January 2028.
  14. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1793 on the temporary increase of official controls and emergency measures governing the entry of certain goods from certain third countries; consolidated text 30.06.2026 – European Commission, 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2019/1793/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Annex I (increased identity/physical checks) entries for Egypt (EG), hazard 'pesticide residues': sweet and other Capsicum peppers 30 %; oranges 10 %; sugar apple 30 %; vine leaves 50 %; mango 20 %; strawberries (fresh, chilled or frozen) 20 %. Annex II (special conditions incl. official certificate): Egypt groundnuts (peanuts), peanut butter and preparations, groundnut oilcake/flours – aflatoxins, 30 %.
  15. Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition; consolidated 27.03.2021 – European Parliament and Council, 2003. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2003/1831/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. 'Antibiotics, other than coccidiostats or histomonostats, shall not be authorised as feed additives'; transitional Art. 11(2): such antibiotics 'may be marketed and used as feed additives only until 31 December 2005; as from 1 January 2006, those substances shall be deleted from the Register'.
  16. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/905 on the application of the prohibition of use of certain antimicrobial medicinal products in animals or products of animal origin exported from third countries into the Union – European Commission, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2023/905/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Art. 3: animals/products exported to the EU shall not have been administered antimicrobials for growth promotion/yield increase, nor antimicrobials reserved for humans (Implementing Reg. 2022/1255). Conditions apply 24 months after the implementing list act; per Implementing Reg. 2026/1189 this is 3 September 2026.
  17. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1189 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/405 as regards the restrictions on the use of certain antimicrobial medicinal products (repealing Implementing Reg. 2024/2598) – European Commission, 2026. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2026/1189/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force; Art. 1 applies from 3 September 2026. New Annex XVIa of 2021/405 lists third countries with guarantees of compliance with Art. 3 of 2023/905. Egypt's row has an 'X' only in the column 'Casings' (no entry for bovine, poultry, aquaculture, milk, eggs, honey). Recital 17: Brazil's entries for poultry, aquaculture etc. deleted for lack of guarantees.
  18. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/405 laying down the lists of third countries authorised for entry into the Union of certain animals and goods intended for human consumption; consolidated 03.09.2026 – European Commission, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2021/405/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Annex -I (approved residue control plans): Egypt marked 'X' only for 'Casings' (no approved plan for bovine, poultry, aquaculture, milk, eggs, honey). Annex IX (fishery products): Egypt 'Only wild catch'. Annex XI: Egypt 'Only frogs' legs'.
  19. Council Directive 1999/74/EC laying down minimum standards for the protection of laying hens; and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2465 on marketing standards for eggs – Council of the EU / European Commission, 1999/2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1999/74/oj ; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2023/2465/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Both in force. 1999/74: rearing in unenriched cages 'prohibited with effect from 1 January 2012'. 2023/2465: eggs marked with a producer code identifying farming method and production site; meaning of the producer code must be explained on or inside the pack.
  20. The 2024 European Union report on pesticide residues in food – EFSA, 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42095190/ (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Abstract: EU-coordinated programme 9842 samples, 1.2 % non-compliant; national programmes 86,449 samples, 1.8 % non-compliant; increased import control programme 39,433 samples, 3.6 % non-compliant; 'the estimated dietary risk was found to be low for most of the EU subpopulation groups'. Full text (Europe PMC): EU MACP 97.6 % within legal limits; 46.6 % domestic, 29.3 % other reporting countries, 20.1 % third countries; a pesticide quantified in 14.1 % of 759 samples 'Most of the quantifications were in oranges ... coming from Egypt' (0.01–0.13 mg/kg, none non-compliant); imidacloprid findings in 'pomegranate from Peru and Egypt, potato from Egypt'. For authorised uses non-compliance shares were similar for EU and third-country origin ('very similar independently of the country of origin').
  21. The European Union One Health 2024 Zoonoses Report – EFSA and ECDC, 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41377167/ (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Full text (Europe PMC PMC12686834): adult laying-hen flocks 2024 EU Salmonella flock prevalence 4.0 % (3.9 % 2023), target serovars 1.6 %; broiler flocks Salmonella 4.3 %, target serovars 0.29 %; 'Fourteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) met all targets'; Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products' the agent/food pair of most concern; official FSC verification samples: 4.9 % positive at manufacturing vs 2.3 % at distribution. Travel-associated salmonellosis acquired outside the EU (n=5473): Türkiye 25.5 %, Egypt 11.5 % (628/5473).
  22. EFSA news 'Veterinary drug residues in food: what's the latest in the EU?' (report on 2024 monitoring data; technical report doi 10.2903/sp.efsa.2026.EN-9913) – EFSA, 2026. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/news/veterinary-drug-residues-food-whats-latest-eu (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    News of 10 February 2026: 2024 data from EU MS plus Iceland and Norway; '0.13% (629 of 493,664 samples)' non-compliant (0.11 % previous year); risk-based production plan 0.16 %, randomised surveillance plan 0.22 %, risk-based third-country import plan 0.2 %.
  23. European Sales and Use of Antimicrobials for Veterinary Medicine (ESUAvet) – Annual surveillance report for 2024 (EMA/CVMP/ESUAVET/376993/2025) – European Medicines Agency, 2025. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/european-sales-use-antimicrobials-veterinary-medicine-annual-surveillance-report-2024_en.pdf (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    2018 baseline 118.3 mg/PCU, 2030 target 59.2 mg/PCU (50 % reduction, Farm to Fork). 'In 2024, aggregated sales in the EU were 89.6 mg/PCU, a reduction of 24.3% compared to 2018.'
  24. BVL Pressemitteilung 'Antibiotikaabgabe in der Tiermedizin weiter auf niedrigem Niveau' (data year 2025) – Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL), 2026. https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/05_tierarzneimittel/2026/PM_Antibiotika-Abgabemengen.html (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Dated 06.10.2026: 562 t antibiotics dispensed in veterinary medicine in Germany in 2025 (−0.3 t vs 2024); 67 % lower than 2011 (1,706 t); colistin 31 t (2024) → 26 t (2025); fluoroquinolones +~18 % to 6.3 t.
  25. BfR Stellungnahme 031/2024: Ergebnisse des Nationalen Rückstandskontrollplans und des Einfuhrüberwachungsplans 2022 – Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), 2024. https://bfr.bund.de/cm/343/ergebnisse-des-nationalen-rueckstandskontrollplans-und-des-einfuhrueberwachungsplans-2022.pdf (種類: official_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    NRKP 2022: 53.267 Planproben, 191 (0,36 %) non-compliant (2021: 0,32 %); EÜP 2022: 1.055 import samples, 2 (0,19 %) non-compliant. Group A (anabolic/unauthorised substances): 38.585 samples, 1 non-compliant. Dioxins/PCBs: 'nur eine von etwa 180 Eierproben' exceeded maximum levels. BfR: health impairment 'nicht zu erwarten' for most samples; some antibacterial residues could select less-susceptible bacteria.
  26. Nationale Berichterstattung 'Pflanzenschutzmittelrückstände in Lebensmitteln' – Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse des Jahres 2024 – BVL, 2026. https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/01_Lebensmittel/nbpsm/00_Berichte/NBPSMR_2024.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2 (種類: monitoring_data; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Dated 15 January 2026: 16.423 samples. Origin: 6.668 Germany, 4.368 other EU, 2.694 third countries, 2.629 unknown. MRL exceedances (surveillance sampling): Germany 1,0 %, other EU 1,5 %, third countries 6,7 % (2023: 8,5 %); Beanstandungen 0,4 % / 0,4 % / 4,3 %. No quantifiable residues: Germany 57,8 %, other EU 38,3 %, third countries 40,1 %. Egypt-specific: sweet potatoes from Egypt Beanstandungsquote 10,9 % (5 of 46 samples, mainly mepiquat); one mango sample from Egypt objected for four substances; vine leaves from Egypt listed as frequently conspicuous (hence in Reg. 2019/1793).
  27. Bericht des BMG und des UBA an die Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher über die Qualität von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch (Trinkwasser) in Deutschland (2020–2022), Reihe Umwelt & Gesundheit 03/2025 – Bundesministerium für Gesundheit / Umweltbundesamt, 2025. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/bericht-des-bundesministeriums-fuer-gesundheit-des-5 (種類: official_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Period 1.1.2020–31.12.2022; 2 507 large supply areas serving 74.1 million people (88.6 %) in 2022; 'Bei den meisten mikrobiologischen und chemischen Qualitätsparametern erfüllten über 99 % der untersuchten Proben' the TrinkwV requirements.
  28. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food – EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32994824/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    TWI 4.4 ng/kg bw per week for sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFOS; 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to exposure; 'parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.'
  29. Risk for animal and human health related to the presence of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed and food – EFSA CONTAM Panel, 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32625737/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    TWI 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week; mean and P95 intake of adolescents/adults/elderly 2.1–10.5 and 5.3–30.4 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, 'implying a considerable exceedance of the TWI'; PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs transfer to milk and eggs.
  30. National Food Safety Authority (NFSA) of Egypt – official website (Law No. 1 of 2017) – National Food Safety Authority, Egypt, 2017. https://www.nfsa.gov.eg/ (種類: official_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Law No. 1 of 2017 establishing NFSA published in the Official Gazette on 10 January 2017; NFSA created as a single body because more than 17 bodies under several ministries previously shared food-safety duties.
  31. NFSA legislation index (القوانين والتشريعات والقرارات الغذائية) – National Food Safety Authority, Egypt, 2017-2023. https://nfsa.gov.eg/ar-eg/SitePages/Index/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A92 (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Lists e.g.: Executive regulations (Cabinet Decision 412/2019); Decision 13/2020 binding technical rules on maximum limits of veterinary drug residues in food; Decision 6/2021 on permitted pesticide residues; Decision 6/2022 on maximum limits of chemical contaminants; Decision 1/2021 microbiological criteria; Decision 4/2020 food additives; Decision 11/2020 food-safety requirements in food establishments; Decision 16/2022 traceability (amended 3/2023); Decision 1/2022 technical requirements for fish exports to the EU; Decision 7/2020 risk-based import control.
  32. DG SANTE audit CT-2025-0205, Egypt, October 2025: Pesticides (controls of pesticide residues in food of plant origin intended for export to the EU); published 26-02-2026 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2026. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4976 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Read in full (PDF download 17197). Scope: oranges, sugar apples, peppers, vine leaves, strawberries. 2023 EFSA data: Egypt-origin food non-compliance 4.61 %, MRL exceedance 8.14 %, vs 3.4 % and 6.2 % average for non-EU exporters. Orange non-compliance at EU import fell from 15 % (2nd half 2022) to 1.41 % (1st half 2025); peppers ~8 % (4.59–13.16 %); all sampled vine-leaf consignments rejected. 3 408 PPP formulations on 296 active substances registered in Egypt; 118 substances in Egyptian-registered PPPs not approved in the EU; chlorpyrifos banned in Egypt June 2022; Egyptian MRL list referenced primarily to Codex, some higher than EU. National monitoring 'shows relatively low non-compliance rates ... But since the benchmarks for compliance are different, the results are not fully comparable.' Export controls (registration, traceability, pre-export sampling) are additional programmes for the export chain; frozen/processed products can come from non-registered growers; 'From January 2026 the mandate will include the domestic market' (NFSA). 'the potential trade of illegal PPPs is still a matter of concern'.
  33. DG SANTE audit 2024-8055, Egypt, November 2024: Food of non-animal origin intended for export to the EU (microbiological risks); published 22-04-2025 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4863 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Executive summary: official control system for export FNAO covers farms, processors, exporters; GAP inspection/certification for nine main commodities incl. strawberries; for herbs and spices farm controls generally limited to random inspections; post-harvest system 'well-established, comprehensive and efficient'; 'The report contains no recommendations to Egypt.'
  34. DG SANTE audit 2024-8106, Egypt, May–June 2024: Fishery products intended for export to the EU; published 23-09-2024 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4800 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    After the 2021 audit Egypt withdrew all establishments from the EU list and suspended certification; 'no exports of fishery products have taken place' since 2021; no RASFF notifications on Egyptian fishery products since then. 2023 sampling plan: heavy metals 22 samples (all compliant), dioxins/PCBs 14 samples; PFAS 'not subject to control' at the time (not in line with Reg. 2019/627); histamine reference method not used. Deficiencies weaken guarantees.
  35. DG SANTE audit 2022-7391, Egypt, September 2022: Contaminants (aflatoxin in peanuts for export to the EU); published 17-02-2023 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4574 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Egypt has the necessary legal/organisational framework; accredited laboratories perform well; but official controls at primary producers do not verify GAP for aflatoxin prevention; packing houses allowed to export even if not complying with all certificate conditions ('raises concerns about the reliability of the certification system'); increase in RASFF notifications possibly related to strongly increased export volume; a small number of operators account for most rejections.
  36. DG SANTE audit 2021-7328, Egypt, May–June 2021 (remote): Fishery products; published 04-01-2022 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4439 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Remote audit; 'important shortcomings in virtually all of the areas relevant to this audit' (legislation, written procedures, training, controls of primary production, landing sites, additives).
  37. DG SANTE audit 2019-6697, Egypt, Jan–Feb 2019: Microbiological contamination in food of non-animal origin; published 03-07-2019 – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/4148 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Control system for microbiological risks in export FNAO 'in a phase of transition and reforms'; hygiene practices at visited farms/exporters in line with EU requirements; background cites the 2011 STEC O104:H4 outbreak in Germany (about 4,000 ill, more than 56 deaths).
  38. DG SANTE audit 2011-6265, Egypt, August 2011: trace back the source of infection of the recent E. coli O104:H4 strain outbreaks in the EU (detail page) – European Commission, DG SANTE, 2011. https://ec.europa.eu/food/audits-analysis/audit-report/details/2769 (種類: audit_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Detail page confirms an EU audit in Egypt in August 2011 to trace back the source of the O104:H4 outbreaks (published 26-10-2011).
  39. RASFF Window – public notification search (consolidated), queried for notifications with 'Egypt' in the subject and origin country EG, validation years 2023–2025 – European Commission (RASFF), 2026. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/search (種類: database; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Own query of the public backend (POST .../rasff-window/backend/public/notification/search/consolidated/) on 2026-10-25: 2023: 113 notifications; 2024: 153; 2025: 119. Keyword-based classification of subjects (approximate): pesticide residues 73 / 70 / 82; aflatoxins 15 / 47 / 14; microbiological 11 / 13 / 4; other (additives, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, foreign bodies, certificates etc.) 14 / 23 / 19. Product categories 2023–2025: fruits and vegetables 217, nuts/nut products/seeds 86, herbs and spices 41; only one animal-product notification (lead in salted beef casings, 2023); none for poultry, eggs, milk or fish.
  40. Pesticide Residues in Egyptian Strawberries Inspected at the EU Border (2021-2024) – Sikorska-Zimny KM et al., 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41471804/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Egyptian strawberries inspected at the Polish border: detection rates rose from 63 % (2022) to over 90 % (2023–2024); some samples with no residues each year; eleven MRL exceedances; up to eleven pesticides in a single sample.
  41. Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks – El-Sheikh EA et al., 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36432173/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Farmers' markets, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt; LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS; 40 pesticides detected; 35 (40.7 %) of 86 residues detected in vegetables and 35 (38.9 %) of 90 residues in fruits exceeded MRLs; acute/chronic risk flagged for lambda-cyhalothrin (spinach), fipronil (zucchini), dimethoate (kaki), omethoate (strawberry).
  42. Assessment of antibiotic residues in chicken meat – Kamouh HM et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38633178/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    100 chicken meat samples (breast, thigh, gizzard, liver; 25 each) retailed in Egypt; microbial inhibition assay + HPLC; 23 % positive for oxytetracycline, 21 % gentamicin, 17 % ciprofloxacin; boiling 30 min reduced residues by 88.2 %, 95.2 %, 31.3 %.
  43. Health risk assessment of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine residues in broiler chicken carcasses marketed in Mit Ghamr, Egypt – Noah SM et al., 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42527435/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    180 tissue samples (60 breast, 60 thigh, 60 liver) from poultry shops; HPLC; detected enrofloxacin 51.67 %, oxytetracycline 71.67 %, sulfadimidine 16.67 %; of positives 54.84 %, 55.81 %, 70 % exceeded MRLs; hazard quotients 0.0002–0.050 – 'no significant health risk for either adults or children'.
  44. Antibiotic residues correlate with antibiotic resistance of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from edible chicken meat – Ali HR et al., 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40307359/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Chilled chicken meat, Fayoum province: 22.2 % of meat/liver contaminated with S. Typhimurium, all isolates drug-resistant; residues of tylosin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline (and 4-epi-OTC) detected; isolates from samples above MRL resistant to the same antibiotic.
  45. Antimicrobial use in animal farms in Egypt: rates, patterns, and determinants – ElSayed N et al., 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39828782/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Survey, 111 of 150 farms (74 %) in 15 governorates: all used antimicrobials; 65 % reported non-therapeutic use; penicillins 81 %, macrolides 78 %, tetracyclines 72 %; half used colistin, 55 % of those non-therapeutically; non-therapeutic use had no impact on feed conversion ratio; authors: 'Egyptian guidelines for AMU in livestock are urgently needed'.
  46. Hormonal residues in chicken and cattle meat: A risk threat the present and future consumer health – Kamaly HF et al., 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37956705/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    92 chicken and 56 cattle meat samples, Assiut City 2022; ELISA for estradiol, progesterone, testosterone; authors report estimated intake of estradiol exceeding ADI in nearly all samples and HI >1; 'in Egypt ... no safe limits have been set till now'.
  47. Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium Isolated from Laying Hens, Table Eggs, and Humans ... – Abou Elez RMM et al., 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34944331/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Sharkia Governorate: Salmonella in 19.3 % of tested samples; laying hens 33.1 %; S. Enteritidis 5.8 %, S. Typhimurium 2.8 %; MDR 83.8 % of isolates.
  48. Prevalence of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae in the Retail Chicken Meat in Alexandria, Egypt – Barac D et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39678989/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    60 raw chicken carcass samples from six markets: 33.3 % Salmonella; liver and gizzard 60 %; one supermarket showed no Salmonella; authors attribute contamination largely to market handling.
  49. Ecological prevalence, genetic diversity, and multidrug resistance of Salmonella enteritidis recovered from broiler and layer chicken farms – Elsayed MM et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38215504/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Salmonella in 20 (17 %) of 117 samples from small-scale broiler flocks; isolates MDR.
  50. A Public Health Insight into Salmonella in Poultry in Africa: A Review of the Past Decade: 2010-2020 – Ramtahal MA et al., 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35696336/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    PRISMA-guided narrative review; MDR Salmonella prevalence ranged from 12.1 % (Zimbabwe) to 100 % in Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa; AMU described in only 11.5 % of studies.
  51. Dietary intake of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of dairy products, fish/seafood and meat from Ismailia city, Egypt – Loutfy N et al., 2006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16806402/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    HRGC/HRMS; intake 6.04–6.68 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw/day incl. DL-PCBs from dairy, fish/seafood, meat; dairy (mainly cheese) contributed 89 % of PCDD/F intake; 'higher than the maximum WHO TDI of 4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day'. Eggs were not measured (EU data used for estimation).
  52. Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies - A Review – Zinedine A et al., 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611756/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Egypt, Kenya and Nigeria have the most AFM1 investigations in Africa; some reports showed 100 % of samples exceeding the EU limit (50 ng/kg), e.g. in Egypt; AFM1 up to 8,000 ng/kg reported in milk from Egypt.
  53. The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment – Rahmani J et al., 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29902498/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    49 articles, 7484 data (1995–2017); raw-milk AFM1 prevalence Egypt 38 %; country ranking for raw-milk concentration Syria > Turkey > Iran > Egypt > Lebanon > Palestine; hazard index for Egyptian raw milk 0.18 (adults), 0.84 (children).
  54. A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Prevalence of Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products in Selected Middle East Countries – Arghavan B et al., 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39840829/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    193 studies, 297,530 samples (to Aug 2023); AFM1 in 87 % of dairy products overall; ranking by prevalence Iran > Jordan > Turkey > Kuwait > Lebanon > Syria > Egypt > Cyprus > UAE.
  55. Assessment of some chemical residues in Egyptian raw milk and traditional cheese – Ibrahim AA et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38549581/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Raw milk: elevated lead in 46 % and cadmium in 4 % of samples; p,p'-DDE in 45 % of raw milk and 29 % of Ras cheese; AFM1 exceeded acceptable limits in only 7 % of milk and 2.9 % of Ras cheese samples (ELISA).
  56. Heavy Metal Residues in Some Fishes from Manzala Lake, Egypt, and Their Health-Risk Assessment – Sallam KI et al., 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31242536/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    600 fish (200 each Nile tilapia, flathead grey mullet, African catfish); mean Pb 0.704, 0.635, 0.64 µg/g; Hg 0.045, 0.0145, 0.017 µg/g; Cd 0.024, 0.006, 0.020 µg/g wet weight; health-risk indices suggest potential hazard.
  57. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of fishes contaminated with heavy metals from Manzala Lake, Egypt – Abd-Elghany SM et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38657491/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Mean Pb 1.01, 0.87, 0.95 mg/kg; Cd 0.05, 0.12, 0.06 mg/kg; Hg 0.01, 0.15, 0.29 mg/kg; As 3.16–4.74 mg/kg (tilapia, mullet, catfish); 'levels ... exceeded their maximum permissible limits in most samples'; THQ >1 for Hg and Cd.
  58. Exposure assessment of pesticide residues, heavy metals, and veterinary drugs through consumption of Egyptian fish samples – Ghuniem MM et al., 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39309634/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    48 fish samples, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate; LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS, GC-MS; mean Cd 0.02, Hg 0.051, Pb 0.031 mg/kg; 'All levels of cadmium, mercury, and lead ... significantly lower than the maximum permissible limits set by Egyptian and European standards'; antibiotics and pesticide residues not detected in any sample.
  59. One health risk assessment of heavy-metal contamination in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from contrasting aquaculture systems in Egypt – Farahat Abdelmawla M et al., 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42662802/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Aquaculture relying on agricultural drainage water; Kitchener Drain water Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg exceeded WHO limits 5–54-fold; liver Pb up to 4.90 mg/kg; 'Muscle remained within FAO/WHO limits'; all THQ <1; narrow Pb margin (0.28 vs 0.3 mg/kg).
  60. Systems-thinking approach to identify and assess feasibility of potential interventions to reduce antibiotic use in tilapia farming in Egypt – Desbois AP et al., 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276104/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Full text (Europe PMC PMC8164158): 'Egypt produces more fish from aquaculture than the rest of Africa combined ... 1.56 million tonnes in 2018 (FAO, 2020)'; grow-out ponds supplied mainly by agricultural drainage water (ca. 70 % of farms), Nile ca. 20 %, groundwater ca. 10 %; antibiotics enter via medicated feed/pond water and via drainage water; ponds stocked with mono-sex fry.
  61. World Bank World Development Indicators API – SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS, SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, SH.STA.SMSS.ZS (source: WHO/UNICEF JMP) – World Bank / WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2026. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/EGY;DEU/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS?format=json (種類: database; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Safely managed drinking water 2024: Egypt 78.94 %, Germany 99.92 %; at least basic drinking water 2024: Egypt 97.30 %, Germany 100 %; safely managed sanitation 2024: Egypt 57.34 %.
  62. Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in neonates in Egypt – Elella SA et al., 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28988250/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Full text (Europe PMC PMC6074198): infants born 2015 at a university hospital screened by quantitative fluorometric assay; G6PD deficiency in 119 (4.3 %) newborns; 6.2 % (91/1453) of males and 2.1 % (28/1329) of females.
  63. Prevalence of and mothers' knowledge, attitude and practice towards glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among neonates with jaundice: a cross-sectional study – Kasemy ZA et al., 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102818/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    487 Egyptian neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinaemia (2018–2019): G6PD deficiency 10.10 %; risk factors male sex, family history, consanguinity.
  64. The global prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis – Nkhoma ET et al., 2009. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19233695/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    ~400 million affected worldwide; 280 prevalence estimates from 88 countries; highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa; high heterogeneity largely due to differing assessment methods.
  65. [Increase in genetically determined anemia as a result of migration in Germany] – Zur B et al., 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26899228/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Haemoglobinopathies and G6PD deficiency 'are no longer rare diseases in Germany' because of migration from endemic regions where prevalence of 40 % and higher has been found.
  66. Favism: Clinical Features at Different Ages – Beretta A et al., 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36678214/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Favism = haemolysis after fava-bean ingestion in G6PD-deficient individuals; wide inter-/intra-individual variability; most severe in youngest children and pregnant women; deaths reported in infants.
  67. Analysis of Reported Aflatoxin Levels in EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) Notifications – Kow R et al., 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008222/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    RASFF aflatoxin notifications 2010–2023: peanuts 34.4 %, pistachios 17.3 %, figs 12.5 % of notifications; country-specific patterns.
  68. German outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with sprouts – Buchholz U et al., 2011. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22029753/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Sprouts identified as most likely vehicle (restaurant cohort RR 14.2; sprout consumption explained 100 % of cases); trace-back to producer A; outbreak strain not found on seeds of implicated lot.
  69. Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 infection in Germany causes a paradigm shift ... – Beutin L et al., 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22289607/ (種類: peer_reviewed; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    3,842 cases; 'Epidemiological investigations revealed fenugreek seeds as the source of entry ... however, microbiological analysis of seeds for this pathogen produced negative results.'
  70. Digitale-Dienste-Gesetz (DDG) vom 6. Mai 2024 (BGBl. 2024 I Nr. 149), § 5 Allgemeine Informationspflichten; § 7 Beschränkte Verantwortlichkeit – Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2024. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ddg/__5.html ; https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ddg/__7.html (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    § 5(1): providers of 'geschäftsmäßige, in der Regel gegen Entgelt angebotene digitale Dienste' must keep available name and address, rapid electronic contact incl. e-mail, register data, VAT ID etc., 'leicht erkennbar, unmittelbar erreichbar ... ständig verfügbar'. § 7(1): Articles 4–8 of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 apply to all service providers. Fassung last amended by Art. 1 G v. 12.5.2026.
  71. Leitfaden zur Impressumspflicht im Internet (2024) – Niedersächsische Landesmedienanstalt (NLM), 2024. https://www.nlm.de/fileadmin/dateien/pdf/leitfaden_impressumspflicht_2024.pdf (種類: official_report; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Impressum duty arises from § 18 MStV and § 5 DDG; journalistic-editorial offers must additionally name a 'Verantwortlicher' (name, address; permanent residence in Germany, full legal capacity etc.) under § 18 Abs. 2 MStV; other telemedia not exclusively personal/family purposes need a simple Impressum under § 18 Abs. 1 MStV (name, ladungsfähige Anschrift); purely private use 'sehr eng ausgelegt', in doubt an Impressum is recommended; reachable within max. two clicks; fines up to 50.000 EUR (§ 115 MStV / § 33 DDG).
  72. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) – European Parliament and Council, 2016. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Art. 6(1)(f) (text read): processing lawful where 'necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject'; Art. 13: information to be provided where data are collected from the data subject. Relevant for server logs containing IP addresses.
  73. Telekommunikation-Digitale-Dienste-Datenschutz-Gesetz (TDDDG, formerly TTDSG) § 25 Schutz der Privatsphäre bei Endeinrichtungen – Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2021/2024. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ttdsg/__25.html (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    § 25(1): storing/accessing information in the end user's terminal equipment only with consent; § 25(2) Nr. 2: no consent needed if 'unbedingt erforderlich' to provide a digital service explicitly requested by the user.
  74. Urheberrechtsgesetz (UrhG) § 51 Zitate; § 62 Änderungsverbot; § 63 Quellenangabe – Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1965 (current). https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__51.html ; https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__62.html ; https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__63.html (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    § 51: quotation of a published work permitted 'sofern die Nutzung in ihrem Umfang durch den besonderen Zweck gerechtfertigt ist', esp. passages in an independent work. § 62(1): no changes; § 62(2): translations and excerpts allowed where the purpose requires. § 63(1): 'ist stets die Quelle deutlich anzugeben'.
  75. UrhG § 44b Text und Data Mining; Directive (EU) 2019/790 Art. 4 – Bundesrepublik Deutschland / European Union, 2019/2021. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__44b.html ; https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    § 44b(3): TDM uses only allowed if the rightholder has not reserved them; a reservation for online works is effective only if machine-readable. Dir. 2019/790 Art. 4(3) equivalent.
  76. eltayebat.com robots.txt (Content-Signal declarations) – Operator of eltayebat.com (Cloudflare-managed content block), 2026. https://eltayebat.com/robots.txt (種類: database; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    'Content-Signal: search=yes,ai-train=no,use=reference'; states restrictions are 'EXPRESS RESERVATIONS OF RIGHTS UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF ... DIRECTIVE 2019/790'; disallows training crawlers incl. ClaudeBot, GPTBot, Google-Extended, CCBot.
  77. eltayebat.com 'About the archive' page (حول الأرشيف) – Operator of eltayebat.com, 2026. https://eltayebat.com/about/ (種類: database; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    Arabic text: 'حقوق النشر الحقوق الأدبية للراحل ولورثته. الأرشيف غير ربحي ولا يحتوي إعلانات. أرشيف تعليمي يحفظ محتوى الراحل د. ضياء العوضي بإذن من الورثة. لا يتحمل الأرشيف مسؤولية المحتوى الطبي.' (moral/copyright rights belong to the deceased and his heirs; non-profit, no ads; with permission of the heirs; no responsibility for medical content).
  78. Heilmittelwerbegesetz (HWG) § 1 Anwendungsbereich – Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1965 (current). https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/heilmwerbg/__1.html (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    § 1(1): applies to 'Werbung' for medicinal products, medical devices, and other means/procedures/treatments where the advertising statement relates to recognising, eliminating or alleviating diseases.
  79. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 (Digital Services Act) – European Parliament and Council, 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj (種類: regulation; 確認済み: はい; 閲覧日 2026-10-25)
    In force. Arts. 4–8: liability exemptions for intermediary services (mere conduit, caching, hosting); referenced by § 7 DDG.