Nezam El-Tayebat 事实核查对“نظام الطيبات”饮食体系的科学评估
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选择语言: 简体中文

基本错误 缺乏高质量证据支持 证据确定性: 低 初步 C-DRY-11

鲜牛奶、酸奶（包括laban rayeb、ayran、labneh）以及白奶酪/茅屋奶酪有害，必须避免；而陈年奶酪（切达干酪、马苏里拉奶酪、romi奶酪）、三角形再制奶酪、奶油（qeshta）、黄油和酥油则是允许食用的。

安全提示: 如果不使用合适的替代品，从儿童、青少年、孕期和哺乳期女性以及老年人的饮食中去除牛奶、酸奶和白奶酪，可能会降低钙和蛋白质的摄入量（I-DRY-14指出，完全排除乳制品可能促成骨量减少/骨质疏松）。医学界公认的立场是：乳制品或合适的钙/维生素D替代品是均衡饮食的一部分；儿童和孕期的饮食改变应与医生或营养师讨论。随机对照试验表明，乳制品（主要是牛奶）能增加儿童的骨矿物质积累（I-DRY-103），当前的指南（美国2025-2030，I-DRY-101；NHS，I-DRY-123）建议儿童和孕期女性食用牛奶、酸奶和奶酪，或钙强化的替代品。改喝植物饮品的儿童需要选择强化产品（I-DRY-104）。在孕期，NHS建议只食用经巴氏消毒的牛奶、酸奶和奶油，并因李斯特菌的缘故避免未经巴氏消毒的牛奶、奶油（包括生的qeshta）、酸奶和黄油（I-MEAT-07）。12个月以下的婴儿不应以牛奶作为主要饮品（I-DRY-123）。以上为一般性信息，不构成个体化医疗建议。
简而言之: 该体系的这种划分没有证据支持：在研究中，牛奶、尤其是酸奶并不比奶酪更差，两类食品中都存在残留物；而且，如果没有合适的钙替代品，就从儿童或孕期女性的饮食中去除牛奶和酸奶，可能是有害的。
结论: 该体系把新鲜乳制品列为禁止、把奶酪、奶油、黄油和酥油列为允许的划分没有证据支持，只有陈年奶酪和黄油乳糖含量较低这一点除外。
  1. 原始表述
  2. 科学评估
  3. 科学证据详解
  4. 通俗解释
  5. 与该说法相关的研究
  6. 地区背景
  7. 在我的国家适用什么？
  8. 参考文献

原始表述

الألبان الطازجة والزبادي والجبن الأبيض — تجنّب | الأجبان الناضجة (شيدر، موتزاريلا، رومي) — مسموح | الزبدة والسمن — مسموح

非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。

译文

鲜牛奶、酸奶（包括laban rayeb、ayran、labneh）以及白奶酪/茅屋奶酪有害，必须避免；而陈年奶酪（切达干酪、马苏里拉奶酪、romi奶酪）、三角形再制奶酪、奶油（qeshta）、黄油和酥油则是允许食用的。

出处

来源状态
档案网站食物清单
归属
Archive food list (eltayebat.com/foods; EN: /en/foods/)
出处
https://eltayebat.com/foods/
归属的不确定性
Classification by the archive; no rationale or video reference given on the list page.
所声称的机制

Fresh dairy is poorly digested, causes bloating, inflammation and carries hormones/residues; fermented/cooked/fatty dairy is easier to digest.

所声称的健康影响

Avoiding fresh dairy prevents digestive problems, inflammation and the diseases listed in the archive rule.

涉及人群

Everyone, including families (sandwiches for children are mentioned in videos).

Elawady 设定的地域限制

none found

来源版本存在差异

جبنة مطبوخة (مثلثات)

来源状态
第三方网站（非官方）
归属
Third-party site altayybat.com (unofficial)
出处
https://altayybat.com/ar/
归属的不确定性
Unofficial fan/summary site; lowest attribution level; no video references given.

اللبن بكل انواعه والزبادي والكريمة واللبنة ممنوعة — تسبب الانتفاخ

来源状态
第三方网站（非官方）
归属
Third-party site mytayibat.com (unofficial)
出处
https://mytayibat.com/forbidden
归属的不确定性
Unofficial site; lowest attribution level.

ما تكلش جبنه الكيري اديني قلت اهو المربعات دي ما تكلهاش دي اكنها جبنه بيضا عادي بس متغلفه

来源状态
视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live!تاني يوم رمضان (打开来源)
发布日期
2026年2月20日
时间戳
0:18:09 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; wording may contain transcription errors; spoken live-stream language, context partly conversational.

خلوا الجبنه القريش وبلاش الجبنه البروسيس اللي انا بنصح بيها دلوقتي

来源状态
视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
الحلقة الأولي من بودكاست #بدون_إثـــــــارة_جدل مع الدكتور ضياء العوضي (打开来源)
发布日期
2024年11月22日
时间戳
0:05:54 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; wording may contain transcription errors; spoken live-stream language, context partly conversational.

ما هو الزبده يا باشا من اللحمه ما هو الزبده ده من اللبن واللبن ده من دم البقره والبقره مسمومه

来源状态
视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! الهرم الغذائي الجديده (打开来源)
发布日期
2026年1月20日
时间戳
1:01:12 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; wording may contain transcription errors; spoken live-stream language, context partly conversational.

طبعا طبعا الجبنه المطبوخه اه سهله الهضم

Of course, of course: processed (cooked) cheese, yes, is easy to digest.

来源状态
视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! اصل الأمراض في فهم الاعراض✌️✌️✌️ (打开来源)
发布日期
2025年9月5日
时间戳
0:37:44 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; YouTube original not checked; wording may contain recognition errors. Processed cheese is not mentioned on the archive food list.

انت بتكتب ا ليه الجبنه القريش مضره باختصار انها لا تهضم

You write: why is cottage cheese harmful? In short, because it is not digested.

来源状态
视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! الكورتيزون حياتك (打开来源)
发布日期
2025年10月17日
时间戳
0:16:35 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; YouTube original not checked; wording may contain recognition errors. Consistent with the archive list (white/cottage cheese: avoid).

科学评估

基本错误 – 该说法的主要部分没有证据支持，或被严重夸大。

证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。

1. 说法是什么？

Within dairy, fresh/fermented-fresh products are harmful and must be avoided while aged and processed cheese, cream, butter and ghee are acceptable.

2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？

Aged hard cheese and butter contain very little lactose, so they cause fewer symptoms in lactose malabsorbers (I-DRY-13, I-DRY-14). Reducing very high fresh-milk intake is not harmful for adults who get calcium elsewhere; whole milk was associated with slightly higher type 2 diabetes risk in one analysis (I-DRY-10).

3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？

(1) Yogurt is among the dairy foods with the most favourable associations: lower type 2 diabetes risk (RR 0.82 per serving/day in the meta-analysis; in the US cohorts yogurt was inverse, HR 0.83 per serving/day and 0.86 after correcting for diet change, whereas cheese, 1.07, and whole milk, 1.10, were slightly positive, attenuating to about 1.03 after that correction; I-DRY-10) and no association with Parkinson's (I-DRY-07) or, in one meta-analysis, acne (I-DRY-08). In the archive's own key study, each serving of fermented milk/yogurt or cheese was associated with 10-15% lower mortality and hip-fracture rates in women, and fermented milk was inversely associated with oxidative-stress and inflammation markers (A-DRY-01). For hip fracture, yogurt (RR 0.75) and cheese (RR 0.68) were both favourable, but each estimate rests on only 3 cohorts (I-DRY-03), so the signal is low-certainty and does not favour cheese over yogurt. (2) Cheese, which is allowed, showed the strongest per-gram association with prostate cancer in the archive's own key meta-analysis (RR 1.09 per 50 g/d, A-DRY-02) and is rich in casein including A1 beta-casein. (3) The hormone and residue argument (C-DRY-01) applies more to fat-rich products: oestrone was highest in butter (1.47 ng/g vs 0.13 ng/mL in milk) and progesterone in butter and cream (I-DRY-17), and fat-soluble contaminants partition into milk fat. (4) The lactose argument does not fit the split either: cooking cream (3.9 g/100 g) and sour cream (3.4 g) contain more lactose than plain yogurt (2.6 g) or Greek yogurt (0.5 g), and most lactose-intolerant people tolerate yogurt with live cultures (I-DRY-14). (5) Sources conflict on cream and on processed cheese squares. Therefore the dividing line is not evidence-based. The umbrella review I-DRY-12 covers milk only and says nothing about yogurt or cheese.

4. 哪些内容仍不明确？

Whether some followers feel better because of reduced lactose intake (plausible) or because of other changes in the diet.

5. 哪些研究支持该说法？

I-DRY-13 (low lactose in aged cheese) partially supports the allowed group for lactose-intolerant people.

6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？

A-DRY-01 (fermented milk/yogurt and cheese inversely associated with mortality and fractures), I-DRY-10, I-DRY-03, I-DRY-07, I-DRY-08, I-DRY-15 (cheese inversely associated with CVD), A-DRY-02 (cheese and prostate cancer), I-DRY-17 (hormones highest in butter and cream), I-DRY-14 (lactose in cream; yogurt tolerated), I-DRY-12 (fresh-milk component only). New: I-DRY-107 (yogurt 200 g/day associated with 11% lower all-cause mortality), I-DRY-103 (RCTs: dairy increases bone accrual in children), I-DRY-118 (Egyptian Ras and Domiati cheeses carried pesticide and aflatoxin M1 findings comparable to raw milk), I-DRY-101 and I-DRY-123 (current US and UK guidance recommend milk, yogurt and cheese, including in pregnancy and childhood).

7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？

European dietary guidelines include milk and fermented milk products such as yogurt as part of a healthy diet (not separately fetched here).

8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？

Excluding yogurt, laban rayeb and white cheese removes affordable traditional sources of calcium and protein for Egyptian families; aged/imported cheeses are more expensive and saltier (cost/salt not quantified here).

9. 合理的实际结论是什么？

证据并不支持禁止酸奶和白奶酪、却允许奶油、黄油、酥油和再制奶酪的做法。乳糖不耐受的人可以选择低乳糖的食品；其他人则没有基于证据的理由来遵循这种划分。

评估详情

证据确定性的依据

No study compares the system's two dairy groups directly. However, the archive's own key dairy study (A-DRY-01) and independent cohorts and meta-analyses show that the forbidden group (especially yogurt) is not worse - and is often more favourable - than the allowed group, and the mechanisms the archive cites (A1 casein, IGF-1, residues, milk hormones, lactose) apply equally or more to cheese, cream, butter and ghee. Individual yogurt and cheese estimates rest on few studies, so certainty stays low.

来源质量

Archive food list (no rationale given); rationale reconstructed from Elawady transcripts; third-party sites conflict on cream and processed cheese.

地区可推广性

Applies equally to Egypt and Europe; yogurt-type products (laban rayeb, zabadi) are traditional Egyptian foods.

个体例外情况

Lactose-intolerant people may tolerate aged cheese and butter better than milk; milk-allergic people should avoid all dairy including cheese and cream (butter/ghee contain traces of protein).

说法的地域范围
普遍性（生物学/医学）
最近审核
2026年10月26日 初步

科学证据详解

缺乏高质量证据支持 – 没有良好证据支持该说法；但仅凭这一点并不能证明它是错误的。

研究问题: Is there evidence that fresh milk, yogurt and white cheese are harmful while aged/processed cheese, cream, butter and ghee are acceptable, and is excluding the former safe for children and pregnant women?

研究问题详解 (PICO)
人群
General population, including children and pregnant/breastfeeding women
干预或暴露
Excluding milk, yogurt and white cheese; consuming aged/processed cheese, cream, butter, ghee
对照
Usual mixed dairy intake as recommended
地域范围
universal biology; Egypt-specific food supply
结局指标
  • Mortality/CVD/T2D by dairy type
  • Bone accrual in children
  • Nutrient adequacy in pregnancy
  • Contaminant exposure by product

研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。

哪些证据支持该说法？

哪些证据不支持该说法？

总体证据说明了什么？

基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。

哪种观点有更好的证据支持？

The dividing line is not evidence-based: yogurt and milk are at least as favourable as cheese; contamination and hormone concerns apply equally or more to cheese and fat-rich products; excluding milk and yogurt in children and pregnancy risks inadequate calcium unless replaced.

为什么有些研究权重更大

RCTs in children, large cohorts and current guidelines outweigh mechanistic arguments; lactose data support only a narrow subgroup advantage for aged cheese.

因果关系是否已确立？ 不适用 The claim is a classification rule; evidence addresses each food group separately.

仍存在的不确定性

Long-term outcomes of the full Tayebat dairy pattern have not been studied.

合理的结论

No evidence supports forbidding milk, yogurt and white cheese; aged cheese is a reasonable option for lactose-intolerant people.

为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？

Cheese evidence (I-DRY-124) supports the allowed side, but yogurt evidence (I-DRY-107) contradicts the forbidden side; both can be true at once, which shows the split is arbitrary rather than that one group is harmful.

这是否取决于国家？
一般生物学效应
Universal.
饮食习惯
Laban rayeb, zabadi and white cheese are traditional affordable foods in Egypt.
食品原产地
Raw-milk products and unpasteurised cream (qeshta) carry listeria risk in pregnancy (NHS guidance).
污染物
Ras cheese and Domiati cheese had pesticide/AFM1 findings (I-DRY-118).
本国生产条件
Traditional cheeses are often made from raw milk (I-DRY-118 conclusion).
法律规则
Egyptian standards cited in I-DRY-118 (not fetched).
实际监测数据
No national monitoring data found.

足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。

统计复核
  • CI log-symmetry yogurt estimate – Symmetric. 已重新计算
  • AFM1 exceedance shares – Raw milk 7/100; Ras cheese 1/34. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
主要结局
Health outcomes of yogurt/milk v aged cheese
起始等级
低（观察性研究）
降级理由
  • indirectness (no direct comparison of the two groups)
结果
低

由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。

已核查的临床指南和官方声明
  • USDA/HHS: Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030 (2026) · 原始文献
    Dairy 3 servings/day (full-fat, no added sugar); full-fat dairy important for children; calcium-rich dairy in pregnancy; olive oil prioritised for cooking, butter or beef tallow as other options; saturated fat should not exceed 10% of daily calories (I-DRY-101).
  • NHS (England): Dairy and alternatives in your diet (2026) · 原始文献
    Milk, cheese and yoghurt are good sources of protein and calcium; calcium is important in pregnancy for the baby's bones; dairy important for children under 5; cow's milk not suitable as main drink under 1 year; fortified plant alternatives acceptable (I-DRY-123).
  • NHS (England): Have a healthy diet in pregnancy (2026) · 原始文献
    Dairy foods such as milk, cheese, fromage frais and yoghurt are important in pregnancy because they contain calcium and other nutrients; unsweetened calcium-fortified alternatives if preferred.
  • NHS (England): Foods to avoid in pregnancy (2026) · 原始文献
    Pasteurised milk, butter, yoghurt, cream and hard cheeses are safe; avoid unpasteurised milk, cream, yoghurt, butter and ice cream (listeria risk); mould-ripened and soft blue cheeses only if thoroughly cooked (page also registered as I-MEAT-07).
  • WHO: WHO recommendation: Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for prevention of pre-eclampsia and its complications (2018) · 原始文献 无法获取；内容未采用
  • EFSA: Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for calcium (2015) · 原始文献 无法获取；内容未采用
检索策略

本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。

数据库日期检索式检索目标命中数纳入数
Europe PMC2026年10月26日(dairy OR milk) AND (children OR adolescents) AND ("bone mineral" OR fracture) AND (PUB_TYPE:"Meta-Analysis" OR PUB_TYPE:"Systematic Review")反对性证据378
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("milk avoidance" OR "dairy avoidance" OR "dairy elimination" OR "cow milk elimination") AND children AND (bone OR calcium OR growth OR fracture)双向221
Europe PMC2026年10月26日"calcium supplementation" AND pregnancy AND (pre-eclampsia OR preeclampsia) AND PUB_TYPE:"Review" AND JOURNAL:"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"双向43
Europe PMC2026年10月26日(dairy OR milk) AND (children OR adolescents) AND ("bone mineral" OR "bone mass") AND ("randomized" OR "randomised") AND ("meta-analysis")反对性证据1723
PubMed2026年10月26日(dairy[tiab] OR milk[tiab]) AND (child*[tiab] OR adolescen*[tiab]) AND bone[tiab] AND (meta-analysis[pt] OR systematic review[pt])反对性证据23
Europe PMC2026年10月26日(dairy OR milk OR yogurt OR cheese) AND (mortality OR "cardiovascular disease" OR "type 2 diabetes") AND ("umbrella review" OR "meta-analysis") AND PUB_YEAR:[2023 TO 2026]双向14249
Europe PMC2026年10月26日(yogurt OR yoghurt OR "fermented milk") AND (harm OR adverse OR "increased risk") AND (cohort OR meta-analysis) AND (mortality OR cancer OR diabetes)支持性证据7780
PubMed2026年10月26日cheese[ti] AND (mortality[tiab] OR cardiovascular[tiab] OR diabetes[tiab]) AND (meta-analysis[pt]) AND 2017:2026[dp]双向4
Europe PMC2026年10月26日(milk) AND (antibiotic residues OR "antibiotic residue" OR "veterinary drug residues" OR "pesticide residues" OR organochlorine) AND (Egypt OR Egyptian)支持性证据4121

待解决的问题

Nutritional status of children and pregnant women following the system; calcium intake data.

核查深度如何？

17 项相关研究：11 项核查了全文（其中 7 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），6 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。

最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日

评定结论的变更历史
  1. 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 基本错误 (低)
  2. 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 基本错误 (低)
    New guideline, RCT and cohort evidence strengthens the conclusion; certainty stays low because no study compares the two dairy groups directly. The safety note is sharpened (children, pregnancy, unpasteurised products).
    新来源: I-DRY-101 I-DRY-103 I-DRY-107 I-DRY-118 I-DRY-123 I-DRY-124

通俗解释

该体系禁止牛奶、酸奶和白奶酪，却允许陈年奶酪、再制奶酪、奶油、黄油和酥油。研究并不支持这样的划分。酸奶是最常与更好健康状况相关的乳制品之一，例如与较低的2型糖尿病风险相关。即使是该档案网站自己引用的主要牛奶研究也发现，吃酸奶或奶酪较多的女性死亡较少，髋部骨折也较少。该体系允许的奶酪，与前列腺癌的关联至少和牛奶一样强。黄油和奶油中的天然激素含量更高，烹饪用奶油所含的乳糖也比酸奶多。唯一站得住脚的一点是，陈年奶酪和黄油含乳糖很少，这对无法消化乳糖的人有帮助。

与该说法相关的研究

支持该说法的研究 (1)

  • Many aged Italian cheeses contain almost no lactose

    Facioni MS et al.. Foods 2021 · PMID 34574346 · DOI 10.3390/foods10092236
    检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估

    All but one of 25 PDO cheeses (even some aged only 20-35 days) had lactose below 10 mg/kg; fresh mozzarella had about 3,500 mg/kg.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Measure lactose in cheeses.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Lab analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    25 cheeses.

    实际发现了什么？

    Lactose below 10 mg/kg in nearly all tested ripened cheeses; starter cultures, not just ageing time, drive lactose loss.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    <10 mg/kg.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Aged cheese suits lactose-intolerant people.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Italian/European PDO cheeses only; few samples; no fresh, processed or Egyptian cheeses; funded by a lactose-free certification company.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports the digestibility point for lactose.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    High (Italy).

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Anything about allergy, inflammation or other diseases; lactose content of processed cheese triangles, cream or romi.

    科学细节 →

与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (14)

  • Yogurt linked to lower diabetes risk

    Chen M et al.. BMC Med 2014 · PMID 25420418 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1
    队列研究独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Each daily serving of yogurt: about 18% lower risk of type 2 diabetes in the meta-analysis.

    Yogurt RR 0.82 per serving/day for type 2 diabetes.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Dairy types and diabetes.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Three cohorts + meta-analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    459,790 people in meta-analysis.

    实际发现了什么？

    Yogurt inversely associated with diabetes; total, low-fat and high-fat dairy neutral; small positive associations for cheese and whole milk disappeared in a sensitivity analysis.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    RR 0.82 (0.70-0.96).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Yogurt is not harmful and may be beneficial.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational; mostly white US health professionals; self-reported diet; yogurt eaters may live healthier.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts banning yogurt.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate-high.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Hip fractures: milk neutral, yogurt and cheese linked to fewer fractures

    Bian S et al.. BMC Public Health 2018 · PMID 29357845 · DOI 10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5
    Meta分析独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Yogurt RR 0.75 and cheese RR 0.68 in 3 cohort studies each; milk RR 0.91 (not significant), though the cohort dose curve rose up to about 600 g/day.

    Yogurt (forbidden) RR 0.75 for hip fracture.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Dairy and hip fracture.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis of 18 studies.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Adults.

    实际发现了什么？

    Milk overall null (cohorts) with a rising nonlinear dose curve; yogurt and cheese linked to fewer fractures in few studies.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Yogurt RR 0.75 (0.66-0.86).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Milk does not seem to increase fractures.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational; high heterogeneity for milk; only 3 cohorts for yogurt and cheese; case-control recall bias.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Does not support a clear milk-fracture harm, but does not fully exclude a modest increase at high intake; contradicts banning yogurt on bone grounds.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Includes Europe.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Milk linked to slightly more Parkinson's, yogurt not

    Jiang W et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2014 · PMID 24894826 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    Absolute risk: 2-4 extra cases per 100,000 person-years per 200 g milk a day.

    Yogurt RR 0.95 (NS) for PD.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Dairy and PD.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    304,193 people.

    实际发现了什么？

    Milk associated; yogurt not.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    RR 1.17 per 200 g/d milk.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Tiny absolute risk.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Few studies.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports weak link.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Meta-analysis: milk linked to acne, yogurt and cheese not

    Aghasi M et al.. Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 29778512 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.015
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    Total milk OR 1.48.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Dairy and acne.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Observational studies.

    实际发现了什么？

    Milk associated with acne.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    OR 1.48 (1.31-1.66).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Possible link.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports association.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Overview of 41 reviews: milk more often linked to benefit than harm

    Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y
    系统综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Milk was linked more often to benefits (heart, stroke, bowel cancer, diabetes, bones) than to harms (prostate cancer, Parkinson's, acne); most evidence was rated low certainty.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Summarise milk and health.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Umbrella review.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    41 meta-analyses.

    实际发现了什么？

    Mostly beneficial associations; harmful associations for prostate cancer, Parkinson's, acne, infant iron deficiency and, per extra 200 g/day, hip fracture.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Not pooled.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Milk is not shown to be generally harmful.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Umbrella review without protocol; mostly observational, low/very-low certainty; overlap not handled; milk only (no yogurt/cheese).

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts blanket harm claims; confirms specific signals.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation; that milk is harmless for everyone; anything specific about yogurt or cheese.

    科学细节 →

  • Cheese eaters had slightly fewer heart attacks and strokes

    Chen GC et al.. Eur J Nutr 2017 · PMID 27517544 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1292-z
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    High vs low cheese: CVD RR 0.90.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 不明确 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Cheese and CVD.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    15 studies.

    实际发现了什么？

    Inverse association.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    RR 0.90 (0.82-0.99).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Cheese not linked to heart harm.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Neutral to the system's split.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Large review links more dairy with slightly more prostate cancer

    Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157
    Meta分析被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究

    About 7% higher risk per 400 g dairy a day and 9% per 50 g cheese a day.

    Cheese (allowed in the system) had RR 1.09 per 50 g/d.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Summarise cohort studies on dairy and prostate cancer.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis of 32 prospective studies.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Men in many countries.

    实际发现了什么？

    Small increases with dairy, milk, low-fat milk and cheese.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    RR 1.07 per 400 g/d total dairy; 1.09 per 50 g/d cheese.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    A small relative risk increase; absolute risk not reported.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational; screening bias possible.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports a modest association; cheese not safer than milk.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Includes European data.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation; that cheese is safer than milk.

    科学细节 →

  • Swedish study: very high milk intake linked to earlier death in women

    Michaëlsson K et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25352269 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6015
    队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Women drinking 3 or more glasses a day had a 1.93-fold mortality hazard compared with less than 1 glass (17.7 vs 10.7 deaths per 1,000 person-years); no fewer hip fractures. Yogurt/fermented milk and cheese showed the opposite: lower mortality.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Check whether high milk intake is linked with death and fractures.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Two large cohorts followed for 11-20 years using diet questionnaires.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    61,433 women and 45,339 men in Sweden.

    实际发现了什么？

    More milk was linked with higher mortality, especially in women, and not with fewer fractures; yogurt/soured milk and cheese were linked with lower mortality and fewer hip fractures in women.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Women HR 1.93 (1.80-2.06) for >=3 vs <1 glass/day (absolute 17.7 vs 10.7 per 1,000 person-years); per glass HR 1.15 women, 1.03 men.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    A warning signal for very high milk intake, not proof of harm.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational; confounding and reverse causation possible; female estimates stronger partly due to repeated measurement; biomarker data cross-sectional; authors ask for caution.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports the archive figures but not a causal claim.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    European data; intakes higher than average.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    That milk causes death or fractures; that yogurt or other fermented dairy is harmful (the study suggests the opposite).

    科学细节 →

  • Review: milk naturally contains hormones

    Malekinejad H et al.. Iran J Public Health 2015 · PMID 26258087
    叙述性综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估

    Milk contains small amounts of hormones (more in butter and cream than in milk); the authors raise a cancer concern but provide no new human outcome data.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 极低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Hormones in dairy.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Narrative review.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    n/a

    实际发现了什么？

    Hormones present at ng/mL levels or below; highest oestrone and progesterone levels in butter and cream; several hormones poorly absorbed or rapidly degraded.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    n/a

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Presence is not proof of harm.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Narrative.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Weak support.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Harm at usual intake; that butter, cream or ghee are lower in hormones than milk (the data suggest the opposite for fat-soluble steroids).

    科学细节 →

  • New US dietary guidelines (2026) recommend dairy and olive oil, allow butter in limits

    U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Federal dietary guideline (PDF, realfood.gov; linked from dietaryguidelines.gov) 2026
    指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究

    Three servings of dairy a day, including milk and yogurt, for children and adults; olive oil first, butter as an option, saturated fat at most 10% of calories.

    Recommends milk, yogurt and cheese alike; full-fat yogurt for infants.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Give official food advice for the US population.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Government guideline document.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Whole population.

    实际发现了什么？

    Dairy recommended at all ages; saturated fat limit kept; olive oil prioritised.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Not applicable.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Milk, yogurt and cheese are all recommended; butter is allowed but not preferred.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Policy document; evidence review not read; contested changes.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts banning milk and yogurt; does not support unlimited ghee or butter.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    US; similar dairy advice exists in the UK (NHS).

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show health effects by itself.

    科学细节 →

  • Extra dairy helps children build bone

    Hidayat K et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37414219 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.010
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究

    In 21 trials, children given extra dairy gained about 2-4% more bone mineral and grew slightly taller.

    Excluding milk/yogurt in children removes a proven contributor to bone accrual.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Test whether extra dairy improves children's bones.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Meta-analysis of randomised trials.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    21 trials, children 3-18 years.

    实际发现了什么？

    More bone mineral (about 2-4%), slightly more height, higher IGF-I.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Whole-body BMC +25 g (+3%).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Milk and other dairy help growing bones; removing them needs a calcium plan.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Bone density is a surrogate; some authors work for a dairy company.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts the idea that milk is harmful for children; confirms that dairy raises IGF-I.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Applies everywhere.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show fewer fractures later in life.

    科学细节 →

  • Yogurt linked to lower mortality; total dairy best at moderate amounts

    Hu X et al.. Front Nutr 2026 · PMID 41660415 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2026.1731841
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    200 g yogurt/day: 11% lower all-cause mortality; total dairy U-shaped (optimum ~250-300 g/day).

    Yogurt most favourably associated with mortality.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Find how much and which dairy relates to mortality.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Dose-response meta-analysis.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    29 cohorts, 1.68 million people.

    实际发现了什么？

    Yogurt and to a lesser extent cheese and milk linked to lower mortality; very high totals not.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Yogurt HR 0.89 per 200 g/day.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Moderate dairy, especially yogurt, looks fine or beneficial.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational; overlapping data.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts forbidding yogurt; partly supports caution about very high intakes.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Applicable.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot prove cause and effect.

    科学细节 →

  • Egyptian milk and cheese contain some residues, mostly below limits

    Ibrahim AA et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38549581 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i2.4
    检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究

    No raw milk sample exceeded pesticide limits; 7% exceeded the aflatoxin M1 limit; some Ras and Domiati cheeses exceeded pesticide limits.

    Allowed Ras cheese had pesticide/AFM1 findings comparable to or above raw milk.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Measure contaminants in Egyptian milk and cheese.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Laboratory survey.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    100 milk and 100 cheese samples.

    实际发现了什么？

    Residues common at low levels; few exceedances, also in cheese.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    AFM1 >limit 7% (milk), 2.9% (Ras).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Contamination is a food-control issue for all dairy, not only fresh milk.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    One season; inconsistent metal data.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Partly supports residue concern; contradicts milk-only ban.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Egypt-specific.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show health harm.

    科学细节 →

  • NHS: dairy or fortified alternatives are important in pregnancy and childhood

    NHS (England). NHS website 2026
    指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文

    Milk, cheese and yogurt provide calcium needed for the baby's bones; pasteurised products only in pregnancy.

    Milk and yogurt recommended in pregnancy and childhood.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Give official dairy advice.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Guidance page.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Public.

    实际发现了什么？

    Dairy recommended, incl. pregnancy and children.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    n/a

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Do not drop dairy without a calcium-rich alternative.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    No evidence review shown.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Contradicts forbidding milk and yogurt.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    UK.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    n/a

    科学细节 →

结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)

  • Lactose intolerance is common and managed by reducing lactose

    Facioni MS et al.. J Transl Med 2020 · PMID 32590986 · DOI 10.1186/s12967-020-02429-2
    叙述性综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估

    Most adults worldwide produce less lactase, but most lactose-intolerant people tolerate small amounts of lactose and usually yogurt; avoiding all dairy may harm bones.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Diet in lactose intolerance.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Narrative review.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    n/a

    实际发现了什么？

    Reduce lactose individually; yogurt is usually tolerated; aged hard cheeses are near lactose-free while cream and fresh cheeses contain more lactose; avoid unnecessary total exclusion.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    70% limited lactase (stated).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Individual tolerance matters.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Narrative; COI.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports individual, not general, avoidance.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    General harm of dairy; that yogurt is less tolerable than aged cheese or cream.

    科学细节 →

  • Cheese is linked to neutral or slightly better health outcomes

    Zhang M et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37328108 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.007
    系统综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    About 5-8% lower mortality and CVD in high cheese eaters.

    Allowed cheese not harmful; but yogurt equally or more favourable.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Summarise cheese and health.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Umbrella review.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Many cohorts.

    实际发现了什么？

    Neutral to modest benefits.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Mortality RR 0.95.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Moderate cheese is fine.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Observational.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports allowing cheese, not banning yogurt.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Applicable.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot prove benefit.

    科学细节 →

地区背景

德国 / 欧盟

European dietary guidelines include milk and fermented milk products such as yogurt as part of a healthy diet (not separately fetched here).

埃及

Excluding yogurt, laban rayeb and white cheese removes affordable traditional sources of calcium and protein for Egyptian families; aged/imported cheeses are more expensive and saltier (cost/salt not quantified here).

在我的国家适用什么？

一般科学评估

基本错误 该体系把新鲜乳制品列为禁止、把奶酪、奶油、黄油和酥油列为允许的划分没有证据支持，只有陈年奶酪和黄油乳糖含量较低这一点除外。

以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：

  • 兽药与抗生素
  • 激素类促生长剂
  • 污染物（重金属、PFAS、PCB、二噁英、硝酸盐）
  • 真菌毒素（霉菌毒素）
  • 监管、进口、召回、标签

乳制品

选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。

局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。

居住或购买所在国 与另一个国家比较

参考文献

  1. Lactose Residual Content in PDO Cheeses: Novel Inclusions for Consumers with Lactose Intolerance.. Facioni MS et al.. Foods 2021 · PMID 34574346 · DOI 10.3390/foods10092236
  2. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis.. Chen M et al.. BMC Med 2014 · PMID 25420418 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1
  3. Dairy product consumption and risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Bian S et al.. BMC Public Health 2018 · PMID 29357845 · DOI 10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5
  4. Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Jiang W et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2014 · PMID 24894826 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4
  5. Dairy intake and acne development: A meta-analysis of observational studies.. Aghasi M et al.. Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 29778512 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.015
  6. Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans.. Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y
  7. Cheese consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies.. Chen GC et al.. Eur J Nutr 2017 · PMID 27517544 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1292-z
  8. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.. Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157
  9. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies.. Michaëlsson K et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25352269 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6015
  10. Hormones in Dairy Foods and Their Impact on Public Health - A Narrative Review Article.. Malekinejad H et al.. Iran J Public Health 2015 · PMID 26258087
  11. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030. U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Federal dietary guideline (PDF, realfood.gov; linked from dietaryguidelines.gov) 2026
  12. The Effects of Dairy Product Supplementation on Bone Health Indices in Children Aged 3 to 18 Years: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. Hidayat K et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37414219 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.010
  13. The dose-response relationship between dairy product intake and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Hu X et al.. Front Nutr 2026 · PMID 41660415 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2026.1731841
  14. Assessment of some chemical residues in Egyptian raw milk and traditional cheese.. Ibrahim AA et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38549581 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i2.4
  15. Dairy and alternatives in your diet (NHS). NHS (England). NHS website 2026
  16. Nutritional management of lactose intolerance: the importance of diet and food labelling.. Facioni MS et al.. J Transl Med 2020 · PMID 32590986 · DOI 10.1186/s12967-020-02429-2
  17. Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies.. Zhang M et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37328108 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.007

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