基本错误 过度解读 证据确定性: 中 初步 C-VEG-13

由于大量使用农药,蔬菜本身往往是有害的;有机饮食表明了常规蔬菜会造成多少暴露。

简而言之: 这一说法基本错误:常规蔬菜上的农药残留是可以测出的,并可能抵消其部分益处,但即使是吃残留较高的农产品,与少吃农产品相比,也并未与更高的死亡率相关;而在受监管的市场中,残留大多在法定限量之内;证据支持的是选择残留较少的产品,而不是避免吃蔬菜。
结论: 农药暴露是真实存在的,可能会抵消农产品的部分益处,但它并不会使蔬菜在总体上变得有害;选择残留较少的产品、清洗和削皮是合理的,回避则不合理。

原始表述

«الجهاز الهضمي للحيوانات المجترة تستطيع هضم السليلوز الموجود في الخضروات بكفاءة بفضل معدتها المتعددة والبكتيريا الخاصة»، أمّا «الإنسان بمعدته الواحدة لا يهضم السليلوز جيدًا، مما يسبب الغازات والانتفاخ»، و«الخضروات في حد ذاتها غالبًا ما تكون ضارة بسبب الاستخدام الواسع للمبيدات».

非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。

译文

由于大量使用农药,蔬菜本身往往是有害的;有机饮食表明了常规蔬菜会造成多少暴露。

出处

来源状态
档案网站引语(未注明出处)
归属
Elawady (archive paraphrase; source video not given)
出处
https://eltayebat.com/rule/leafy-greens-cucurbits/
归属的不确定性
The archive attributes this text to Dr. Diaa in its 'د. ضياء يقول' box but gives no video reference. Transcript check (the project's research files, keyword search of 307 archive transcripts): found_close_paraphrase (general terms). Pesticides sprayed on crops are mentioned in general terms (9mC8oDN2abw) and 'all these vegetables are pesticides' in n_zTgU4jdug (existing alt source). The statement about organic diets was not checked.
所声称的机制

Organophosphate and other pesticide residues.

所声称的健康影响

Chronic toxicity.

涉及人群

Everyone

Elawady 设定的地域限制

none found

来源版本存在差异

الخضار ده كله مبيدات مبيدات

来源状态
视频转录文本(本人原话)
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! لايف الجمعه (打开来源)
发布日期
2025年12月19日
时间戳
1:18:18 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置;可确认该内容出现的位置,但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube captions or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.

انا موجود في زمن الحبوب والبذور متهرمنه المبيدات الحشريه مرشوشه على على المزروعات والماكولات لحمه الحيوانات متعاصه هرمونات ومبيدات وتطعيمات

I live in an era of hormone-treated grains and seeds, insecticides sprayed on crops and foods, and animal meat stuffed with hormones, pesticides and vaccines.

来源状态
视频转录文本(本人原话)
归属
Elawady (machine transcript)
视频
ارتفاع ضغط البطن والاضطراب الهرموني وظهور كل ماهو مناعي #ضياء_العوضي (打开来源)
发布日期
2026年1月10日
时间戳
0:47:17 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置;可确认该内容出现的位置,但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; YouTube original not checked; wording may contain recognition errors. Close paraphrase in general terms (pesticides on crops).

科学评估

基本错误 – 该说法的主要部分没有证据支持,或被严重夸大。

证据确定性: 中 – 进一步研究仍可能影响该评估。

1. 说法是什么?

Pesticides make vegetables harmful.

2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?

Conventional diets lead to measurable organophosphate exposure (Lu 2006: metabolites of malathion and chlorpyrifos fell to non-detectable during organic diet, but the organic substitution covered fruit, vegetables, juices and wheat/corn products, with wheat/barley/soy-based items by far the most consumed (229 servings), so the reduction cannot be attributed to vegetables, and no health outcome was measured; Curl 2003: median dimethyl metabolites ~6 times higher with conventional diet).

3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?

Detection of metabolites is not evidence of harm; Curl 2003 itself estimated that organic produce shifts exposure 'from a range of uncertain risk to a range of negligible risk', not from harm to safety. EU data show low exceedance rates and EFSA assesses risk as low. The benefits of vegetable intake are large and consistent (Aune 2017).

4. 哪些内容仍不明确?

Long-term effects of low-level mixtures are an active research area. In three US cohorts the mortality benefit of fruit and vegetables was seen only for low-residue produce (Sandoval-Insausti 2022, I-RES-106), and high intake of high-residue produce was associated with lower IVF success in one cohort (Chiu 2018, I-VEG-140); these findings need replication.

5. 哪些研究支持该说法?

Lu 2006; Curl 2003 (exposure); Chiu 2018 (I-VEG-140, reproductive outcomes); Sandoval-Insausti 2022 (I-RES-106, benefit reduced with high-residue produce); Berlivet 2026 (I-VEG-142, organic substitution and postmenopausal breast cancer).

6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?

Sandoval-Insausti 2022 (high-residue produce not associated with higher mortality than eating <1 serving/day; HR 0.93, 0.81-1.07); EFSA 2023 and 2024 EU reports (I-VEG-15, I-RES-05, I-RES-06); Aune 2017.

7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?

EU MACP 2023: 13,246 samples, 2% above MRL, 1% non-compliant; national programmes 3.7% above MRL.

8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?

9. 合理的实际结论是什么?

对残留的担忧可以成为清洗、多样化采购或选择有机产品的理由,而不是避免吃蔬菜的理由。

评估详情

证据确定性的依据

Biomonitoring studies show that diet is the main organophosphate exposure route and that organic diets reduce urinary metabolites; this shows exposure, not harm. EU monitoring of 2023 found 2% of random samples above MRLs (1% non-compliant) and EFSA concluded a low risk to consumer health. Health benefits of vegetables are documented in large cohorts.

来源质量

Archive cites two small US biomonitoring studies (23 and 39 children).

地区可推广性

For EU produce, residue levels are regulated and mostly within limits; Egypt is addressed in C-VEG-14.

个体例外情况

Organic produce reduces residue exposure for those who prefer it; washing and peeling reduce some residues.

说法的地域范围
取决于生产条件
最近审核
2026年10月26日 初步

科学证据详解

过度解读 – 确有真实的发现,但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围(例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应)。

研究问题: Do pesticide residues make conventional vegetables harmful to health, compared with eating fewer vegetables or organic vegetables?

研究问题详解 (PECO)
人群
General population, children, people trying to conceive
干预或暴露
Conventional vegetables with pesticide residues
对照
Organic/low-residue vegetables; low vegetable intake
地域范围
production- and regulation-dependent
结局指标
  • pesticide biomarkers
  • mortality
  • cancer
  • reproductive outcomes

研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。

哪些证据支持该说法?

哪些证据不支持该说法?

总体证据说明了什么?

基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。

哪种观点有更好的证据支持?

Residue exposure is real and may reduce part of the benefit of produce (Sandoval-Insausti 2022) and has been linked to lower IVF success; but high-residue produce was not associated with harm compared with eating little produce, and regulated-market residue levels are mostly within limits. Choosing lower-residue or organic produce, washing and peeling are reasonable; avoiding vegetables is not.

为什么有些研究权重更大

Large cohort outcome data weigh more than exposure biomarkers; overlapping Harvard cohorts (Sandoval-Insausti, Chiu, Wang) are not independent of each other.

因果关系是否已确立? 有可能,尚未确立 Plausible for some outcomes; observational, exposure classified indirectly.

仍存在的不确定性

Long-term low-dose mixture effects.

合理的结论

Mostly false as stated ("vegetables are harmful"); a residue concern is legitimate.

为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?

Sandoval-Insausti (benefit lost with high residues) and Chiu (reproductive harm) vs EU monitoring (low risk): outcome studies use US residue profiles and indirect exposure classification, monitoring compares with legal limits; they answer different questions.

这是否取决于国家?
一般生物学效应
Toxicology universal.
饮食习惯
n/a
食品原产地
Residue levels depend on country of production and enforcement.
污染物
Pesticide residues.
本国生产条件
See C-VEG-14 for Egypt.
法律规则
EU Regulation 396/2005 (I-RES-03).
实际监测数据
EU 2024: 98.8% compliance.

地区差异有可靠数据支持。

统计复核
  • HR derivation from reported percentages; CI symmetry – Low-residue HR ~0.64 (0.59-0.68); high-residue 0.93 (0.81-1.07) -> no harm signal. 已重新计算
  • Convert % reductions into ratios – 0.82 (0.70-0.95) pregnancy; 0.74 (0.63-0.87) live birth. 已重新计算
  • CI touching 1 – Overall cancer 0.98 (0.95-1.00): borderline. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
主要结局
Mortality with high-residue vs low/no vegetable intake
起始等级
低(观察性研究)
降级理由
  • indirectness (residue classification)
  • imprecision
结果
低

由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。

已核查的临床指南和官方声明
  • EFSA: The 2024 EU report on pesticide residues in food (I-RES-06) (2026) · 原始文献
    Existing register entry: 98.8% of coordinated samples compliant; low risk to consumer health overall.
检索策略

本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。

数据库日期检索式检索目标命中数纳入数
PubMed2026年10月26日("pesticide residue*") AND ("fruits and vegetables" OR "fruit and vegetable") AND (mortality OR pregnancy OR "semen quality" OR cancer) AND (cohort OR prospective)支持性证据16
PubMed2026年10月26日("organic food" OR "organic diet") AND (cancer OR mortality OR health) AND (cohort OR prospective OR "systematic review"[pt])双向145
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("pesticide residue*" OR organophosphate*) AND ("fruit and vegetable" OR vegetables) AND (health OR mortality OR cancer OR fertility) AND (cohort OR "meta-analysis")支持性证据934
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("organic food" OR organic) AND (conventional) AND (cancer OR mortality) AND ("Million Women" OR cohort)反对性证据14654

待解决的问题

Replication of the reproductive findings; Egyptian-specific outcome data (none found).

核查深度如何?

9 项相关研究:3 项核查了全文(其中 2 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),6 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。

最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日

评定结论的变更历史
  1. 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 基本错误 (中)
  2. 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段(系统证据审查) · 在扩展证据后重新审查;评定结论不变: 基本错误 (中)
    New outcome studies give a fairer picture: there is a legitimate residue concern (Chiu 2018; Sandoval-Insausti 2022), which should be acknowledged, but no evidence that vegetables become net harmful. Verdict and certainty unchanged; review texts updated.
    新来源: I-RES-106 I-VEG-140 I-VEG-141 I-VEG-142

通俗解释

吃常规食物的儿童尿液中可以测到某些农药的痕量,当他们改吃有机食物后,这些痕量会下降。这显示的是暴露,而不是疾病。2023 年在欧盟,随机检测的食品样本中只有约 2% 超过法定限量,欧洲食品安全局判断其对消费者的风险较低。蔬菜已被证实的健康益处超过了对这种残留的担忧。

与该说法相关的研究

支持该说法的研究 (3)

  • Organic food and children's pesticide levels

    Lu C et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2006 · PMID 16451864 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.8418
    其他被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Pesticide traces in children's urine dropped to undetectable when they ate organic food.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Measure exposure change

    研究是如何开展的?

    Diet crossover

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    23 children

    实际发现了什么?

    Metabolites undetectable on organic

    观察到的效应有多大?

    Not applicable

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Organic reduces exposure.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    No health outcomes

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Exposure only

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    Moderate

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot show conventional vegetables cause disease.

    科学细节 →

  • Organic vs conventional diet in preschoolers

    Curl CL et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2003 · PMID 12611667 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.5754
    横断面研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要

    Children on conventional diets had about six times more pesticide metabolites in urine.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Compare exposure

    研究是如何开展的?

    Cross-sectional

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    39 children (18 organic, 21 conventional diets)

    实际发现了什么?

    Higher metabolites with conventional

    观察到的效应有多大?

    ~6-fold median

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Organic reduces exposure.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Small; no outcomes

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Exposure only

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    Moderate

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot show harm.

    科学细节 →

  • High-residue produce linked to lower IVF success

    Chiu YH et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 29084307 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5038
    队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究

    Women eating the most high-residue fruit and vegetables had 26% lower chance of live birth after fertility treatment.

    High-residue FV linked to lower ART success.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Relate residue intake to ART outcomes.

    研究是如何开展的?

    Cohort.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    325 women.

    实际发现了什么?

    High-residue FV linked to fewer births.

    观察到的效应有多大?

    -26% live birth.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Choosing lower-residue produce may be sensible for people trying to conceive.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Small, selected.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Partial support.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot show vegetables in general are harmful.

    科学细节 →

与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (3)

  • EU pesticide residue monitoring 2023

    EFSA. Official document 2025
    风险评估独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究

    Only about 2% of random EU samples exceeded legal limits; EFSA judged consumer risk low.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Summarise monitoring

    研究是如何开展的?

    Official monitoring

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    13,246 random samples

    实际发现了什么?

    2% above MRL

    观察到的效应有多大?

    1% non-compliant

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    EU produce largely compliant.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Summary page only

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Contradicts claim for EU

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    High

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Not about Egypt's domestic market.

    科学细节 →

  • Fruit, vegetables and death rates

    Aune D et al.. Int J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28338764 · DOI 10.1093/ije/dyw319
    Meta分析独立交叉核查全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Each extra 200 g of fruit and vegetables a day was linked to 10% lower death risk; green leafy vegetables and salads were also protective.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    F&V and outcomes

    研究是如何开展的?

    Meta-analysis

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    95 studies

    实际发现了什么?

    Lower CVD, cancer, mortality

    观察到的效应有多大?

    RR 0.90 per 200 g

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Eat plenty of vegetables.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Observational

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Contradicts avoidance

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    High

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot prove causation.

    科学细节 →

  • EU pesticide residues 2024

    EFSA. EFSA J (summary on EU Agri-food Transition Pathways platform, 14 Aug 2026) 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10054
    检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    98.8% of tested common foods complied with EU limits.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Monitor residues.

    研究是如何开展的?

    EU programmes.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    ~136,000 samples.

    实际发现了什么?

    High compliance.

    观察到的效应有多大?

    1.8-3.6% non-compliance.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Low risk.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Secondary summary.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Detection yes; harm no.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    High.

    科学细节 →

结果不一或不明确的研究 (3)

  • Fruit and vegetables with fewer pesticide residues were linked to lower mortality

    Sandoval-Insausti H et al.. Environ Int 2022 · PMID 34894487 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107024
    队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究

    Low-residue produce was linked to 36% lower mortality; high-residue produce showed no benefit but also no harm.

    Benefit only for low-residue FV; high-residue FV neutral, not harmful.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Is intake of high- vs low-pesticide-residue fruits and vegetables associated with mortality?

    研究是如何开展的?

    Three prospective cohorts (NHS, NHSII, HPFS)

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    160,880 participants; 27,026 deaths

    实际发现了什么?

    >=4 servings/day of low-residue FV: 36% lower mortality (95% CI 32%-41%) vs <1 serving/day; high-residue FV: HR 0.93 (0.81-1.07). Similar pattern for CVD, cancer and respiratory deaths.

    观察到的效应有多大?

    >=4 servings/day of low-residue FV: 36% lower mortality (95% CI 32%-41%) vs <1 serving/day; high-residue FV: HR 0.93 (0.81-1.07). Similar pattern for CVD, cancer and respiratory deaths.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    A hint that residues might reduce the benefit of produce; eating fruit and vegetables was not harmful.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Exposure assigned at food level, not measured in individuals; Residual confounding; Not a direct comparison of residue levels

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Weak indirect support; does not show residues cause chronic disease.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    US residue levels; EU levels differ.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot separate residues from other differences between foods.

    科学细节 →

  • Organic food lowers pesticide exposure; health effects unclear

    Jiang B et al.. Nutr Rev 2024 · PMID 37930102 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad124
    Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    A review of 50 studies found that organic food lowers pesticide markers, but evidence on specific diseases was insufficient.

    Organic food lowers pesticide biomarkers; disease effects insufficient/confounded.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Review organic food and health.

    研究是如何开展的?

    SR/MA.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    50 studies.

    实际发现了什么?

    Lower exposure; uncertain disease effects.

    观察到的效应有多大?

    Not in abstract.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Organic reduces residues; health gains unproven.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Confounding.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Mixed.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot show conventional vegetables harm health.

    科学细节 →

  • Organic produce and breast cancer

    Berlivet J et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41862000 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101284
    队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    Replacing 100 g/day conventional with organic fruit and vegetables was linked to 10% lower postmenopausal breast cancer risk, not to lower overall cancer.

    Organic-for-conventional substitution linked to lower postmenopausal breast cancer only.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么?

    Assess organic vs conventional FV and cancer.

    研究是如何开展的?

    Cohort, substitution models.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本?

    31,179 adults.

    实际发现了什么?

    Possible breast-cancer benefit only.

    观察到的效应有多大?

    HR 0.90 (0.85-0.96).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?

    Conventional produce is still beneficial; organic may add a small benefit.

    该研究有哪些局限?

    Confounding.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?

    Weak support for residue concern.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?

    European.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?

    Cannot prove causality.

    科学细节 →

地区背景

德国 / 欧盟

EU MACP 2023: 13,246 samples, 2% above MRL, 1% non-compliant; national programmes 3.7% above MRL.

埃及

在我的国家适用什么?

一般科学评估

基本错误 农药暴露是真实存在的,可能会抵消农产品的部分益处,但它并不会使蔬菜在总体上变得有害;选择残留较少的产品、清洗和削皮是合理的,回避则不合理。

以下食品安全领域与该说法相关:

  • 农药与农药残留
  • 兽药与抗生素
  • 激素类促生长剂
  • 污染物(重金属、PFAS、PCB、二噁英、硝酸盐)
  • 病原体(沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌等)

蛋类 · 禽类 · 乳制品 · 鱼类与海产品 · 红肉 · 水果与蔬菜

选择一个国家,查看针对该国已核查的信息。

局限:法律规则描述的是允许什么,而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本,只有结合其方法细节才有意义。

居住或购买所在国 与另一个国家比较

参考文献

  1. Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.. Lu C et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2006 · PMID 16451864 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.8418
  2. Organophosphorus pesticide exposure of urban and suburban preschool children with organic and conventional diets.. Curl CL et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2003 · PMID 12611667 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.5754
  3. Association Between Pesticide Residue Intake From Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment With Assisted Reproductive Technology.. Chiu YH et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 29084307 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5038
  4. Pesticide residues in food: what's the situation in the EU? (EFSA news on the 2023 EU report). EFSA. Official document 2025
  5. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.. Aune D et al.. Int J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28338764 · DOI 10.1093/ije/dyw319
  6. The 2024 European Union report on pesticide residues in food (summary: 'EFSA's 2024 pesticide residue report finds 98.8% of tested EU foods compliant'). EFSA. EFSA J (summary on EU Agri-food Transition Pathways platform, 14 Aug 2026) 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10054
  7. Intake of fruits and vegetables according to pesticide residue status in relation to all-cause and disease-specific mortality: Results from three prospective cohort studies.. Sandoval-Insausti H et al.. Environ Int 2022 · PMID 34894487 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107024
  8. The effects of organic food on human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.. Jiang B et al.. Nutr Rev 2024 · PMID 37930102 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad124
  9. Consumption of organic compared with conventional fruits and vegetables in relation to cancer risk: findings from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study.. Berlivet J et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41862000 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101284

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