食用乳制品会增加前列腺癌风险（每天每400 g增加7%；每天超过2.5份则增加34%）。
原始表述
التحليل التجميعي الكبير في AJCN عام 2015 لاثنتين وثلاثين دراسة جماعية بيّن زيادة بنسبة 7٪ في خطر سرطان البروستاتا لكل 400 جرام ألبان يوميًا، ودراسة أطباء أمريكيين أظهرت زيادة بنسبة 34٪ لمن يتناول أكثر من حصتين ونصف.
非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
食用乳制品会增加前列腺癌风险（每天每400 g增加7%；每天超过2.5份则增加34%）。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com, rule 'dairy')
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/dairy/
- 归属的不确定性
- Editorial narrative and study selection by the archive operators, not shown to be Elawady's own words; the archive homepage says the forbidden section is documented 'independently of Dr. Diaa's words'.
- 所声称的机制
IGF-1 pathway; calcium lowering 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
- 所声称的健康影响
Higher prostate cancer incidence.
- 涉及人群
Men.
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
科学评估
可能正确 – 有一些证据支持该说法，但不足以得出明确判断。
证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
Dairy increases prostate cancer risk.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
The meta-analysis A-DRY-02 found RR 1.07 (1.02-1.12) per 400 g/d total dairy, 1.09 (1.02-1.18) per 50 g/d cheese, 1.06 (1.01-1.11) per 200 g/d low-fat milk. The Physicians' Health Study (A-DRY-03) found RR 1.34 (1.04-1.71) for >2.5 vs <=0.5 servings/day. An umbrella review lists prostate cancer among possible harms (I-DRY-12).
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
The relative increases are small (about 7% per 400 g/day) and the absolute risk increase was not reported. The archive does not mention that the same evidence base shows dairy associated with LOWER colorectal cancer risk (RR 0.83 per 400 g/day, I-DRY-11). In large US cohorts, total dairy was only marginally associated with cancer mortality (per serving/day HR 1.03, 1.01-1.05; highest vs lowest fifth 1.05, 0.99-1.11), while whole milk was associated with higher cancer mortality including prostate-cancer mortality (site-specific numbers only in a supplement not reviewed) (I-DRY-01). Importantly, cheese, which the system allows, carried the largest per-gram association in A-DRY-02.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
Causality; which component (protein, IGF-1, calcium) is responsible; effects on aggressive vs indolent cancer.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
A-DRY-02, A-DRY-03, A-DRY-14 (mechanism), I-DRY-06 (IGF-I and prostate cancer), I-DRY-108 (Adventist Health Study-2: HR 1.27, 1.12-1.43, for 430 v 20 g/day dairy, also for advanced cancer); partly I-DRY-01 (whole milk and prostate-cancer mortality) and I-DRY-12 (prostate cancer listed among possible harms).
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
I-DRY-11 (lower colorectal cancer risk); I-DRY-01 (total-dairy cancer mortality only marginally elevated); I-DRY-109 (Mendelian randomisation: no overall causal effect of milk on prostate cancer, OR 1.01, 0.99-1.02); I-DRY-102 (WCRF: evidence for prostate cancer 'limited-suggestive'; dairy probably protects against colorectal cancer).
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
The WCRF/AICR expert report rates the evidence that dairy (including milk, cheese and yogurt) increases prostate cancer risk as 'limited-suggestive' and judges that dairy probably protects against colorectal cancer; it made no recommendation on dairy (I-DRY-102).
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
No Egyptian data found.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
存在一定程度的关联；它支持适量摄入而不是完全避免，而且它既适用于牛奶，也同样适用于奶酪。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Consistent but small relative associations in prospective cohorts and a plausible mechanism; no randomised evidence; possible detection bias (PSA screening) and residual confounding.
- 来源质量
- 地区可推广性
Mostly US/European cohorts; plausibly transferable biologically.
- 个体例外情况
Men at high prostate cancer risk may reasonably avoid very high dairy intakes.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
过度解读 – 确有真实的发现，但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围（例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应）。
研究问题: Does dairy consumption increase prostate cancer risk in men?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- Adult men
- 干预或暴露
- High dairy intake
- 对照
- Low/no dairy
- 地域范围
- universal biology; mostly Western data
- 结局指标
- Prostate cancer incidence
- Advanced prostate cancer
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
Men eating more dairy had more prostate cancer in a large Adventist cohort
Adventist Health Study-2: 430 v 20 g/day dairy associated with higher prostate cancer risk, including advanced cancer.
- 实际结果
- HR 1.27 (1.12-1.43); advanced 1.38 (1.02-1.88); calibrated 1.75 (1.32-2.32).
- 方法学质量
- moderate (cohort with calibration)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Observational; detection bias possible.
Large review links more dairy with slightly more prostate cancer
Meta-analysis of cohorts: small dose-response association.
- 实际结果
- RR 1.07 (1.02-1.12) per 400 g/day; cheese 1.09 per 50 g/day.
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Small effect; observational.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
Genetic study: milk does not clearly cause prostate cancer but may protect against bowel cancer
Mendelian randomisation: genetically proxied milk intake not associated with prostate cancer overall.
- 实际结果
- OR 1.01 (0.99-1.02) per allele; FinnGen 1.07 (1.01-1.13).
- 方法学质量
- moderate (MR)
- 相关性
- direct for causality of milk
- 局限
- Single instrument; milk only.
WCRF: dairy probably protects against bowel cancer; prostate cancer link is limited
World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. WCRF/AICR Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective (Third Expert Report) 2018 指南 / 立场声明已核查全文新增WCRF CUP: evidence for dairy increasing prostate cancer is 'limited-suggestive'; dairy probably protects against colorectal cancer.
- 实际结果
- Colorectal RR 0.87 (0.83-0.90) per 400 g/day.
- 方法学质量
- high (expert grading)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- 2018 cut-off.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
A modest association between high dairy intake and prostate cancer is consistent across cohorts, but causality is not established.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Cohort consistency (A-DRY-02, I-DRY-108) is balanced by null MR (I-DRY-109) and WCRF's limited-suggestive grading.
因果关系是否已确立？ 有可能，尚未确立 Consistent associations and a plausible mechanism, but no randomised or clear genetic confirmation.
仍存在的不确定性
Whether the association is causal; role of PSA screening.
合理的结论
Possible but unproven; supports moderation rather than elimination, and applies to cheese as much as milk.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
Cohorts measure total dairy (incl. cheese) and are open to detection bias; MR tests lifelong milk via lactase genetics and finds no overall effect. Different exposures and biases explain the gap.
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Biological question; transferable.
- 饮食习惯
- Typical Egyptian intakes are lower than the highest Western categories (not quantified).
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- CI log-symmetry and approximate absolute risk – CIs symmetric; ~15 extra cases per 1000 men over 10 years if HR 1.27 applied to crude cohort incidence (approximation). 已重新计算
- CI log-symmetry – 0.99-1.02 asymmetry is a rounding artefact. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- Prostate cancer incidence with high dairy
- 起始等级
- 低（观察性研究）
- 降级理由
- risk of bias (detection bias, confounding)
- inconsistency with MR
- 升级理由
- dose-response
- 结果
- 低
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- WCRF/AICR: Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer (CUP 2018) (2018) · 原始文献
Dairy probably protects against colorectal cancer (strong evidence); evidence that dairy (total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurt) increases prostate cancer risk is limited-suggestive; no dairy recommendation made (I-DRY-102).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (dairy[tiab] OR milk[tiab]) AND "prostate cancer"[tiab] AND (meta-analysis[pt] OR systematic review[pt]) AND 2019:2026[dp] | 双向 | 7 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | Orlich MJ[au] AND dairy[ti] AND prostate[ti] | 支持性证据 | 1 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (dairy OR milk) AND "prostate cancer" AND ("Mendelian randomization" OR "Mendelian randomisation") | 双向 | 300 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | Larsson SC[au] AND milk[ti] AND Mendelian[ti] AND cancer[ti] | 反对性证据 | 1 |
待解决的问题
Updated WCRF prostate review; dairy-type-specific effects.
核查深度如何？
10 项相关研究：4 项核查了全文（其中 3 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），6 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
通俗解释
几项大型研究发现，大量食用乳制品的男性被诊断出前列腺癌的可能性略高；例如，每天每多吃400 g乳制品，风险约增加7%。这是一个很小的相对增幅，而且来自观察性研究，因此并未证明是乳制品导致的。同样的研究还发现乳制品与较低的肠癌风险相关。该体系允许食用的奶酪，显示出与牛奶相似甚至更强的关联。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (5)
-
Large review links more dairy with slightly more prostate cancer
Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157Meta分析被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究About 7% higher risk per 400 g dairy a day and 9% per 50 g cheese a day.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Summarise cohort studies on dairy and prostate cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Meta-analysis of 32 prospective studies.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Men in many countries.
- 实际发现了什么？
Small increases with dairy, milk, low-fat milk and cheese.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
RR 1.07 per 400 g/d total dairy; 1.09 per 50 g/d cheese.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
A small relative risk increase; absolute risk not reported.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational; screening bias possible.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports a modest association; cheese not safer than milk.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Includes European data.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation; that cheese is safer than milk.
-
US doctors who ate most dairy had more prostate cancer
Chan JM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 · PMID 11566656 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.549队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要More than 2.5 servings/day: 34% higher relative risk.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test dairy/calcium and prostate cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Cohort of physicians, 11 years.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
20,885 men.
- 实际发现了什么？
Higher risk with high dairy and dairy calcium.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
RR 1.34 (1.04-1.71).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Modest relative increase.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Simple questionnaire; one cohort.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports a modest association.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation.
-
Review: milk slightly raises IGF-1, which is linked to prostate cancer
Harrison S et al.. Cancer Causes Control 2017 · PMID 28361446 · DOI 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1系统综述被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究IGF-I +0.10 SD per SD of milk; prostate cancer OR 1.09 per SD IGF-I.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test the IGF pathway.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Systematic review of 172 studies.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Humans and animals.
- 实际发现了什么？
Moderate evidence for both links, but small effects; IGF-I not associated with advanced prostate cancer.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
OR 1.09 (1.03-1.16) per SD IGF-I.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
A small, plausible mechanism.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Inference across separate studies; milk-IGF effect only visually estimated; search to 2014.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports the mechanism claim, not the size of harm.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
That milk causes prostate cancer; the size of any milk-related risk via IGF-1.
-
Men with higher IGF-1 levels get prostate cancer somewhat more often
Travis RC et al.. Cancer Res 2016 · PMID 26921328 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1551Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要Top vs bottom fifth: OR 1.29.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
IGF and prostate cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的？
IPD meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
10,554 cases.
- 实际发现了什么？
IGF-I associated.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
OR 1.29 (1.16-1.43).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
A real but moderate link.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Does not test milk.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports mechanism half.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
That milk causes cancer.
-
Men eating more dairy had more prostate cancer in a large Adventist cohort
Orlich MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35672028 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac093队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究About 27% higher risk at 430 g/day v 20 g/day; also for advanced cancer.
HR 1.27 for 430 v 20 g/day dairy; also for advanced cancer.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Check dairy and prostate cancer where many eat no dairy.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Prospective cohort.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
28,737 men.
- 实际发现了什么？
Higher dairy, higher risk; non-dairy calcium no link.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
HR 1.27 (1.12-1.43).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Very high dairy may modestly raise prostate cancer risk.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational; screening differences possible.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports the claim as an association.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot prove dairy causes prostate cancer or distinguish milk from cheese.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (2)
-
Milk linked to lower bowel cancer risk
Aune D et al.. Ann Oncol 2012 · PMID 21617020 · DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdr269Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要Total dairy RR 0.83 per 400 g/day.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Dairy and colorectal cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
19 cohorts.
- 实际发现了什么？
Lower risk with milk/dairy.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
RR 0.83 (0.78-0.88).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Possible benefit.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Shows a trade-off the archive omits.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Includes Europe.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation.
-
Genetic study: milk does not clearly cause prostate cancer but may protect against bowel cancer
Larsson SC et al.. BMC Med 2020 · PMID 33261611 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-020-01839-9其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Prostate OR 1.01 (0.99-1.02) per milk allele; colorectal 0.95.
No overall causal effect of milk on prostate cancer.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test cause and effect using genes linked to milk drinking.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Mendelian randomisation.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Hundreds of thousands of Europeans.
- 实际发现了什么？
No overall prostate effect; lower bowel cancer.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Prostate OR 1.01.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Milk is unlikely to be a strong cause of prostate cancer.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Instrument limits; milk only.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Weakens the causal claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
European data.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot exclude a small effect.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (3)
-
Overview of 41 reviews: milk more often linked to benefit than harm
Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y系统综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究Milk was linked more often to benefits (heart, stroke, bowel cancer, diabetes, bones) than to harms (prostate cancer, Parkinson's, acne); most evidence was rated low certainty.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Summarise milk and health.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Umbrella review.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
41 meta-analyses.
- 实际发现了什么？
Mostly beneficial associations; harmful associations for prostate cancer, Parkinson's, acne, infant iron deficiency and, per extra 200 g/day, hip fracture.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Not pooled.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Milk is not shown to be generally harmful.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Umbrella review without protocol; mostly observational, low/very-low certainty; overlap not handled; milk only (no yogurt/cheese).
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts blanket harm claims; confirms specific signals.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation; that milk is harmless for everyone; anything specific about yogurt or cheese.
-
US cohorts: dairy neither lowers nor clearly raises mortality
Ding M et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31776125 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l6204队列研究独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究Only the highest intake (about 4.2 servings/day) showed 7% higher mortality.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Dairy and mortality.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Three cohorts, up to 32 years.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
217,755 adults.
- 实际发现了什么？
Mostly neutral; slight excess mortality at very high intake (about 4 servings/day) and with whole milk; cheese and yogurt not associated.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
HR 1.07 (1.04-1.10) highest vs lowest.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Moderate dairy intake appears neutral.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational; US health professionals; association disappeared when using most recent intake.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Does not support strong harm claims.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causal effects.
-
WCRF: dairy probably protects against bowel cancer; prostate cancer link is limited
World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. WCRF/AICR Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective (Third Expert Report) 2018指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究13% lower colorectal cancer risk per 400 g dairy a day; evidence for higher prostate cancer risk judged limited.
Limited-suggestive evidence for prostate cancer; probable protection for colorectal cancer.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Judge whether dairy affects cancer risk.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Expert review of cohort meta-analyses.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Many cohorts worldwide.
- 实际发现了什么？
Probable protection against colorectal cancer; limited evidence for prostate cancer increase.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Colorectal RR 0.87 per 400 g/day.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Dairy is not an established cause of cancer; it probably lowers bowel cancer risk.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational data; 2018 cut-off.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports caution about very high intakes for prostate cancer only as a possibility; contradicts dairy as a general carcinogen.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Directly applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot prove that dairy causes prostate cancer.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
The WCRF/AICR expert report rates the evidence that dairy (including milk, cheese and yogurt) increases prostate cancer risk as 'limited-suggestive' and judges that dairy probably protects against colorectal cancer; it made no recommendation on dairy (I-DRY-102).
埃及
No Egyptian data found.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
可能正确 高乳制品摄入量与前列腺癌之间存在微弱关联，这一点说得通，但尚未得到证实，而且它并不能把牛奶与该体系允许食用的奶酪区分开来。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：
- 兽药与抗生素
- 激素类促生长剂
- 污染物（重金属、PFAS、PCB、二噁英、硝酸盐）
- 真菌毒素（霉菌毒素）
- 监管、进口、召回、标签
乳制品
选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.. Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157
- Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians' Health Study.. Chan JM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 · PMID 11566656 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.549
- Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Harrison S et al.. Cancer Causes Control 2017 · PMID 28361446 · DOI 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1
- A Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data Reveals an Association between Circulating Levels of IGF-I and Prostate Cancer Risk.. Travis RC et al.. Cancer Res 2016 · PMID 26921328 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1551
- Dairy foods, calcium intakes, and risk of incident prostate cancer in Adventist Health Study-2.. Orlich MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35672028 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac093
- Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.. Aune D et al.. Ann Oncol 2012 · PMID 21617020 · DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdr269
- Genetically proxied milk consumption and risk of colorectal, bladder, breast, and prostate cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.. Larsson SC et al.. BMC Med 2020 · PMID 33261611 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-020-01839-9
- Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans.. Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y
- Associations of dairy intake with risk of mortality in women and men: three prospective cohort studies.. Ding M et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31776125 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l6204
- Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer (Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018). World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. WCRF/AICR Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective (Third Expert Report) 2018