人工甜味剂(阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖)与较高的癌症和心血管风险相关。
原始表述
ترفع خطر أمراض القلب ... والسرطان ... عبر آلياتٍ تشمل المستحلبات الصناعية، المحليات، والمضافات.
非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
人工甜味剂(阿斯巴甜、安赛蜜、三氯蔗糖)与较高的癌症和心血管风险相关。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (study selection and narrative are the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/ultra-processed-foods/
- 归属的不确定性
- The archive homepage states that the forbidden-food section is supported by research 'independently of Dr. Diaa's words'. No evidence was found that Elawady himself cited these studies.
- 所声称的机制
Sweetener toxicity, microbiome effects.
- 所声称的健康影响
Cancer, cardiovascular disease.
- 涉及人群
Adults
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
科学评估
可能正确 – 有一些证据支持该说法,但不足以得出明确判断。
证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么?
Sweeteners raise cancer and heart disease risk.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?
Several cohorts link artificial sweeteners and diet drinks with more cardiovascular disease (I-UPF-116, A-UPF-19); one large French cohort also links them with cancer (A-UPF-18). WHO advises against non-sugar sweeteners for weight control and mentions possible undesirable long-term effects (I-SOD-08).
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?
The cancer link is inconsistent: pooled cohorts show no overall association (I-UPF-115). Associations cannot show that sweeteners cause disease; people at higher risk often switch to diet drinks (reverse causation, acknowledged in I-UPF-116). Absolute differences are small.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确?
Causality.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法?
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?
EU-authorised sweeteners have ADIs; EFSA re-evaluation status not checked in this review.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?
No Egypt data.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么?
没有确切结论;避免甜味剂是可选的,而不是医学上必需的。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Cardiovascular associations are replicated across cohorts: low-calorie sweetened beverages RR 1.07 (1.05-1.10) per daily serving (I-UPF-116) and total sweeteners HR 1.09 in NutriNet-Sante (A-UPF-19). Cancer: NutriNet-Sante HR 1.13 (A-UPF-18), but a meta-analysis of 25 studies found no overall association (I-UPF-115; European subgroup 1.07). Reverse causation and confounding are likely; IARC found limited evidence for aspartame; JECFA kept the ADI.
- 来源质量
Archive lists the NutriNet-Santé studies without interpretation; summary implies causal mechanisms.
- 地区可推广性
High (French cohort; EU-authorised sweeteners).
- 个体例外情况
Not applicable.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性(生物学/医学)
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
仅在特定条件下成立 – 该说法仅在特定剂量、特定人群、特定制备方式或特定情况下成立。
研究问题: In adults, is intake of artificial sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose) associated with higher cancer and cardiovascular risk?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- Adults
- 干预或暴露
- Artificial sweeteners / low-calorie sweetened beverages
- 对照
- Low/no intake
- 地域范围
- universal biology
- 结局指标
- Cancer incidence
- Cardiovascular disease
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法?
Diet drinks and heart disease
Meta-analysis of cohorts: low-calorie sweetened beverages associated with CVD.
- 实际结果
- RR 1.07 (1.05-1.10) per serving/day.
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct (association)
- 局限
- Reverse causation.
Artificial sweeteners and heart disease in France
NutriNet-Sante: sweeteners associated with CVD.
- 实际结果
- HR 1.09 (1.01-1.18).
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Single cohort.
Artificial sweeteners and cancer in France
NutriNet-Sante: sweeteners associated with cancer.
- 实际结果
- HR 1.13 (1.03-1.25).
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Single cohort.
哪些证据不支持该说法?
Artificial sweeteners and cancer: pooled studies
Meta-analysis of 25 studies: no overall association with cancer.
- 实际结果
- No overall association; Europe subgroup 1.07 (1.02-1.12).
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Subgroups.
IARC and JECFA on aspartame
WHO / IARC / JECFA. WHO news release 2023 风险评估已核查全文JECFA reaffirmed aspartame ADI 0-40 mg/kg.
- 实际结果
- Regulatory.
- 方法学质量
- high (regulatory)
- 相关性
- indirect
总体证据说明了什么?
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持?
Sweeteners/diet drinks are consistently associated with CVD in cohorts; cancer associations are inconsistent; causation unproven.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Multiple cohorts for CVD; cancer meta-analysis null overall.
因果关系是否已确立? 尚未确立 Reverse causation (people at risk choose diet drinks) and confounding.
仍存在的不确定性
Causality; specific sweeteners.
合理的结论
'Linked to' is correct for CVD, uncertain for cancer.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?
NutriNet-Sante cancer signal vs meta-analysis null: different exposure measurement (detailed records vs beverage questions) and populations.
这是否取决于国家?
- 一般生物学效应
- Biological mechanisms (energy density, eating rate, additives) are universal.
- 饮食习惯
- Mostly European and US diets studied; Egyptian UPF intake not quantified in the literature found (PubMed search: 2 hits, neither relevant).
- 食品原产地
- Not relevant.
- 污染物
- Not relevant.
- 本国生产条件
- Product formulations differ by country.
- 法律规则
- No legal UPF category in EU or (as far as checked) Egypt.
- 实际监测数据
- No Egyptian monitoring data.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- CI symmetry and P – Europe 1.07 (1.02-1.12): P about 0.005; mortality 1.13 (1.03-1.25): P about 0.013. 已重新计算
- CI symmetry – Minor rounding asymmetry. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
- 主要结局
- CVD and cancer associations with sweeteners
- 起始等级
- 低(观察性研究)
- 降级理由
- risk of bias (reverse causation)
- inconsistency (cancer)
- 结果
- 低
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- WHO: WHO advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control (I-SOD-08) (2023) · 原始文献
Recommends against non-sugar sweeteners to control body weight or reduce NCD risk; based on a systematic review showing no long-term benefit for body fat; potential undesirable long-term effects noted (conditional recommendation). - WHO / IARC / JECFA: Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released (I-SOD-09) (2023) · 原始文献
IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) on limited evidence (hepatocellular carcinoma); JECFA reaffirmed the ADI of 40 mg/kg body weight (page re-fetched 2026-10-26).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("non-sugar sweeteners" OR "artificial sweeteners" OR "non-nutritive sweeteners" OR "low-calorie sweeteners") AND (TITLE:"health effects" OR TITLE:cancer OR TITLE:cardiovascular OR TITLE:mortality) AND (PUB_TYPE:"Meta-Analysis" OR PUB_TYPE:"Systematic Review") AND PUB_YEAR:[2019 TO 2026] | 双向 | 28 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | AUTH:"Rios-Leyvraz M" AND sweeteners | 双向 | 0 | |
| WHO website | 2026年10月26日 | https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2023-who-advises-not-to-use-non-sugar-sweeteners-for-weight-control-in-newly-released-guideline (re-fetched) | 指南 | 1 |
核查深度如何?
5 项相关研究:1 项核查了全文(其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),4 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 不明确 / 证据不足 (低)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段(系统证据审查) · 评定结论已更改: 不明确 / 证据不足 (低) → 可能正确 (低)
The previous rating rested on 'associations from one large French cohort'. The CVD association is now replicated across several cohorts (I-UPF-116), and the claim only states a link, not causation; the cancer part remains inconsistent (I-UPF-115). The association claim is therefore possibly true rather than unclear.
新来源: I-UPF-115 I-UPF-116
通俗解释
对大群体进行追踪的研究发现,使用人工甜味剂或无糖饮料较多的人,心脏病略多。在癌症方面,结果不一。这些研究无法证明甜味剂就是原因,因为有体重或健康问题的人更常选择无糖产品。这种关联是可能的,但未经证实。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (1)
-
Diet drinks and heart disease
Yin J et al.. Adv Nutr 2021 · PMID 32696948 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmaa084Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要Each daily diet drink was linked to 7% more cardiovascular disease across cohort studies; the authors warn this may reflect who drinks them.
Low-calorie sweetened beverages: CVD RR 1.07 per serving/day; authors caution about reverse causation.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
To link sweetened drinks with heart disease.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Meta-analysis of cohorts.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
8 articles on diet drinks.
- 实际发现了什么?
Diet and sugary drinks both linked to more CVD.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.07 per serving.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Water is the safest choice.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Reverse causation.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports the association in C-UPF-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot prove sweeteners cause CVD.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (1)
-
IARC and JECFA on aspartame
WHO / IARC / JECFA. WHO news release 2023风险评估独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究IARC said 'possibly carcinogenic' on limited evidence; JECFA kept the safe daily limit of 40 mg/kg.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Carcinogenic hazard and acceptable intake of aspartame.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Joint hazard (IARC) and risk (JECFA) assessment (news release read in full).
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Not applicable; General population
- 实际发现了什么?
IARC: Group 2B (limited evidence in humans for hepatocellular carcinoma; limited in animals; limited mechanistic). JECFA: no sufficient reason to change the ADI of 0-40 mg/kg bw; a 70 kg adult would need >9-14 cans/day (200-300 mg each) to exceed it. IARC classifications reflect strength of evidence, not risk at a given exposure.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
ADI 0-40 mg/kg bw
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Normal intake is within the safe limit for most people.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Limited evidence base
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applies; aspartame (E951) authorised in EU.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
That aspartame causes cancer.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (3)
-
Artificial sweeteners and cancer in France
Debras C et al.. PLoS Med 2022 · PMID 35324894 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003950队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Higher sweetener consumers had 13% more cancer.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Are artificial sweetener intakes associated with cancer?
- 研究是如何开展的?
Prospective cohort with brand-level 24-h records.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
102,865; 3,358 cancer cases; Adults
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher consumers vs non-consumers: overall cancer HR 1.13 (1.03-1.25); aspartame 1.15 (1.03-1.28); acesulfame-K 1.13 (1.01-1.26); breast cancer (aspartame) 1.22 (1.01-1.48); obesity-related cancers 1.13 (1.00-1.28).
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.13 (1.03-1.25)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible signal.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Selection bias, residual confounding, reverse causation (authors)
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed for C-UPF-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation.
-
Artificial sweeteners and heart disease in France
Debras C et al.. BMJ 2022 · PMID 36638072 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071204队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Higher sweetener intake: 9% higher cardiovascular risk.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Are artificial sweeteners associated with CVD?
- 研究是如何开展的?
Prospective cohort with repeated 24-h records.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
103,388; 1,502 CVD events; Adults, 79.8% women
- 实际发现了什么?
Total sweeteners CVD HR 1.09 (1.01-1.18); cerebrovascular 1.18 (1.06-1.31); aspartame cerebrovascular 1.17 (1.03-1.33); acesulfame-K CHD 1.40 (1.06-1.84); sucralose CHD 1.31 (1.00-1.71).
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.09 (1.01-1.18)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Small possible signal.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Reverse causation; Residual confounding
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed for C-UPF-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation.
-
Artificial sweeteners and cancer: pooled studies
Yan S et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 36145117 · DOI 10.3390/nu14183742Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要Across 25 studies, sweeteners were not linked to cancer overall; a small link appeared only in European studies.
No overall cancer association; European subgroup HR 1.07; all-cause mortality 1.13 with high heterogeneity.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
To pool studies on sweeteners and cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Meta-analysis of cohorts.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
3.7 million people.
- 实际发现了什么?
No overall cancer link; small European signal.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Europe 1.07 (1.02-1.12).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
The cancer link is uncertain.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational; subgroups.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed for C-UPF-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot prove harm or safety.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
EU-authorised sweeteners have ADIs; EFSA re-evaluation status not checked in this review.
埃及
No Egypt data.
在我的国家适用什么?
一般科学评估
可能正确 作为与心血管疾病的关联,可能正确;与癌症的关联不一致,因果关系也未经证实。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关:
- 添加剂与加工
- 监管、进口、召回、标签
选择一个国家,查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限:法律规则描述的是允许什么,而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本,只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Intake of Sugar-Sweetened and Low-Calorie Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.. Yin J et al.. Adv Nutr 2021 · PMID 32696948 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmaa084
- Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released (IARC and WHO/FAO JECFA, 14 July 2023) — news release. WHO / IARC / JECFA. WHO news release 2023
- Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk: Results from the NutriNet-Santé population-based cohort study.. Debras C et al.. PLoS Med 2022 · PMID 35324894 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003950
- Artificial sweeteners and risk of cardiovascular diseases: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort.. Debras C et al.. BMJ 2022 · PMID 36638072 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071204
- Can Artificial Sweeteners Increase the Risk of Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Evidence from Prospective Studies.. Yan S et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 36145117 · DOI 10.3390/nu14183742