儿童期切除腺样体或扁桃体会使日后患上上呼吸道疾病的风险增加到两到三倍(Byars 2018,119 万名丹麦儿童)。
原始表述
في دراسة بيارز ومعاونيه على 1.19 مليون طفل دنماركي (JAMA Otolaryngology 2018)، ارتفع خطر أمراض الجهاز التنفسي العلوي 2-3 أضعاف بعد استئصال اللوزتين أو الزوائد الأنفية
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
儿童期切除腺样体或扁桃体会使日后患上上呼吸道疾病的风险增加到两到三倍(Byars 2018,119 万名丹麦儿童)。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com); not necessarily Elawady's own words
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/unnecessary-organ-removal/
- 归属的不确定性
- Editorial summary/narrative and study selection written by the archive operators; the archive states that the cited research documents harm independently of Dr. Diaa's words.
- 所声称的机制
Loss of lymphoid tissue during immune development.
- 所声称的健康影响
Respiratory, allergic, infectious disease.
- 涉及人群
Children operated before age 9
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
not applicable
科学评估
可能正确 – 有一些证据支持该说法,但不足以得出明确判断。
证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么?
Surgery doubles/triples later respiratory disease.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?
The association was reported: RR 1.99 (adenoidectomy) and 2.72 (tonsillectomy) for upper respiratory tract disease; infections RR 1.17 (+2.14% absolute) after adenotonsillectomy (A-ORG-01).
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?
Causal phrasing: the authors note that confounding may not be fully accounted for; children who need these operations may be predisposed to airway disease. Absolute risks are not given by the archive.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确?
Replication in other populations.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法?
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?
Most cited cohorts are Scandinavian (Denmark, Sweden) and directly European; RCTs from the UK and Finland are directly transferable. Guidelines in Europe also emphasize defined indications (not verified here in detail).
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?
No Egypt-specific data on rates or outcomes of tonsillectomy, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, splenectomy or thyroid surgery were identified in this review.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么?
支持在边缘适应证中考虑长期风险。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
One very large register study with careful adjustment; confounding by indication possible; not replicated in the evidence reviewed.
- 来源质量
Numbers correct; causal wording ('doubled to tripled the risk') stronger than the authors' associational conclusion.
- 地区可推广性
Danish data, directly European.
- 个体例外情况
Absolute risk increase small for infections (2.14%).
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性(生物学/医学)
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
过度解读 – 确有真实的发现,但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围(例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应)。
研究问题: Does childhood adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy cause a 2-3-fold increase in later upper respiratory tract disease?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- Children undergoing adenoidectomy/tonsillectomy
- 干预或暴露
- Childhood adenoidectomy/tonsillectomy
- 对照
- Children not operated (ideally with the same indications)
- 地域范围
- universal biology
- 结局指标
- Upper respiratory tract disease
- Upper airway infections
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法?
Danish children: tonsil/adenoid removal and later illness
Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614 队列研究已核查摘要Byars 2018 Danish cohort of 1.19 million children: higher later upper respiratory disease after surgery.
- 实际结果
- RR 1.99 (1.51-2.63) adenoidectomy; 2.72 (1.54-4.80) tonsillectomy.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (large registry cohort)
- 相关性
- direct association
- 局限
- Confounding by indication; general-population comparator.
哪些证据不支持该说法?
Do tonsil and adenoid operations change later infections in children?
Korean matched cohort: no change in upper airway infection frequency over 9 years versus children with the same infections.
- 实际结果
- Equivalent within ±0.5 visits.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (matched cohort, equivalence design)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Children only; claims data.
总体证据说明了什么?
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持?
The Byars figures are reproduced correctly, but whether surgery causes later respiratory disease is uncertain; a better-matched cohort found no increase.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Matching on prior infection (Kim 2021) controls confounding by indication better than general-population comparison.
因果关系是否已确立? 尚未确立 Children operated on differ in airway and immune characteristics; findings inconsistent.
仍存在的不确定性
Adult outcomes in matched designs.
合理的结论
Association correctly quoted; causal 'doubles to triples' not established.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?
Byars (Denmark, outcomes to age 30, general-population comparator) vs Kim (Korea, outcomes to 9 years after surgery, matched on the same infections) answer different questions; the difference is consistent with confounding by indication.
这是否取决于国家?
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal.
- 饮食习惯
- Not relevant to this claim.
- 食品原产地
- Not applicable.
- 污染物
- Not applicable.
- 本国生产条件
- Not applicable.
- 法律规则
- Not applicable.
- 实际监测数据
- No Egypt-specific monitoring data identified.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Wording check: RR as reported – RR 1.99 and 2.72 correspond to 'doubles to triples' for the point estimates; CI for tonsillectomy (1.54-4.80) is wide 无法根据已发表数据重新计算
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
- 主要结局
- Later upper respiratory disease after childhood adenotonsillar surgery
- 起始等级
- 低(观察性研究)
- 降级理由
- inconsistency
- risk of bias (confounding by indication)
- 结果
- 极低
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:tonsillectomy OR TITLE:adenoidectomy OR TITLE:adenotonsillectomy) AND (TITLE:"long-term" OR TITLE:"later life" OR TITLE:risk) AND (TITLE:respiratory OR TITLE:asthma OR TITLE:allergic OR TITLE:infections OR TITLE:infectious) AND (cohort OR registry OR "population-based") | 双向 | 15 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (organ removal OR appendectomy OR tonsillectomy OR cholecystectomy OR splenectomy OR hysterectomy) AND long-term[ti] AND (sibling[tiab] OR confounding[tiab]) AND cohort[tiab] | 反对性证据 | 9 |
待解决的问题
Matched adult outcomes.
核查深度如何?
4 项相关研究:1 项核查了全文(其中 1 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),3 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 可能正确 (低)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段(系统证据审查) · 在扩展证据后重新审查;评定结论不变: 可能正确 (低)
Verdict and certainty unchanged (POTENTIALLY_TRUE, low). The contradicting matched cohort lowers confidence in causality but the claim correctly reproduces the cited association; the existing low certainty already reflects this.
新来源: I-ORG-122
通俗解释
档案网站引用了一项针对 120 万名儿童的丹麦研究:切除了腺样体或扁桃体的儿童,日后患上上呼吸道疾病的情况约为其他儿童的 2-3 倍。这些数字是正确的。但这类研究无法证明手术导致了这些疾病,因为需要做这些手术的儿童本来可能就更容易出现呼吸道问题。这项研究是一个很好的理由,说明在没有明确适应证时不应手术。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (1)
-
Danish children: tonsil/adenoid removal and later illness
Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究Children who had the operations had more respiratory illnesses later (2-3 times for upper airway disease), but the study cannot prove the operation caused it.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Long-term risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
1.19 million
- 实际发现了什么?
Associations with later respiratory/infectious/allergic disease
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.99-2.72; infections +2.14% absolute
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
A reason to avoid unnecessary operations
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Confounding
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports a cautious approach, not a ban
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Directly European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
That surgery causes the diseases
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (3)
-
Trial: tonsil/adenoid surgery for children with sleep apnea
Marcus CL et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23692173 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1215881随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估Surgery normalized sleep studies in 79% vs 46% with waiting and improved behaviour and quality of life.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
OSA treatment
- 研究是如何开展的?
RCT
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
464
- 实际发现了什么?
Symptom, QoL and sleep-study benefit; no cognitive benefit; 46% normalized with waiting
- 观察到的效应有多大?
79% vs 46%
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Surgery helps children with sleep apnea
- 该研究有哪些局限?
7 months
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts blanket rejection of surgery, but supports watchful waiting as a valid option for many children
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Long-term cognition
-
Cochrane review: tonsil removal for repeated throat infections
Burton MJ et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 · PMID 25407135 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub3系统综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Surgery reduced sore throats modestly in the first year (about 0.6 episodes fewer in children); many children get better without surgery.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Effectiveness
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cochrane review
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
1143
- 实际发现了什么?
Modest benefit
- 观察到的效应有多大?
0.6 fewer episodes
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Surgery helps a little, mainly in severe cases
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Short follow-up
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports caution, not a ban
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Long-term effects
-
Do tonsil and adenoid operations change later infections in children?
Kim JY et al.. Laryngoscope 2021 · PMID 33720418 · DOI 10.1002/lary.29506队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要Over 9 years, children who had the operation had the same number of upper airway infections as similar children who did not.
No increase in upper airway infections over 9 years versus matched children with the same infections.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Test whether adenotonsillectomy changes later infections
- 研究是如何开展的?
Matched population cohort with equivalence testing
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
2377 operated Korean children and about 9000 controls
- 实际发现了什么?
No difference in pharyngitis, sinusitis or ear infections
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Equivalent within ±0.5 visits
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
The operation did not increase later airway infections
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Claims data; children only
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts the claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Moderate
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot address adulthood
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (0)
该组中没有研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Most cited cohorts are Scandinavian (Denmark, Sweden) and directly European; RCTs from the UK and Finland are directly transferable. Guidelines in Europe also emphasize defined indications (not verified here in detail).
埃及
No Egypt-specific data on rates or outcomes of tonsillectomy, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, splenectomy or thyroid surgery were identified in this review.
在我的国家适用什么?
一般科学评估
可能正确 关联正确;因果关系不确定。
该说法涉及生物学或医学关系。上述科学评估不论在哪个国家都适用;各国食品数据不会改变这一评估。
参考文献
- Association of Long-Term Risk of Respiratory, Allergic, and Infectious Diseases With Removal of Adenoids and Tonsils in Childhood.. Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614
- A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea.. Marcus CL et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23692173 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1215881
- Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis.. Burton MJ et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 · PMID 25407135 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub3
- Adenotonsillectomy Does not Alter the Risk of Upper Airway Infections in Children.. Kim JY et al.. Laryngoscope 2021 · PMID 33720418 · DOI 10.1002/lary.29506