在直播中给一位观众的建议：停用胰岛素，不需要它；正常吃糖。
原始表述
وقفي الانسولين عادي مش عايزين انسولين وهتخسي بقى وتبقي جميله والعبي رياضه عادي بقى ومرسي حياتك عادي وكلي سكر عادي وكلي بطاطس
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
在直播中给一位观众的建议：停用胰岛素，不需要它；正常吃糖。
出处
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- Dr.D Clinics - Diaa Al Awady is live! (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年1月12日
- 时间戳
- 0:53:03 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript of a live Q&A; the viewer's diabetes type and context are not known; in the same passage a viewer reports that her insulin-treated husband plans to stop insulin entirely and this is received approvingly.
- 所声称的机制
Diet makes insulin unnecessary.
- 所声称的健康影响
Stopping insulin safely; weight loss.
- 涉及人群
People with diabetes using insulin
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
来源版本存在差异
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- بدأت قناة ＂Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي＂ بثًا مباشرًاFAQs (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2026年4月6日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript; mentions a caller with high glucose, breathlessness and ketones (context of diabetic ketoacidosis).
科学评估
错误 – 该说法与可靠证据相矛盾。
证据确定性: 高 – 进一步研究极不可能改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
Stop insulin; eat sugar normally.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
Lifestyle change can reduce medication needs in some people with type 2 diabetes, under medical supervision.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
Generalised advice to stop insulin without knowing the diabetes type, combined with eating sugar 'normally', can lead to dangerous hyperglycaemia and ketoacidosis. Sugar does raise blood glucose (C-SUG-04).
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
The full context of the individual viewer.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
None.
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
I-INS-07 (consensus report: insulin omission a leading cause of DKA), I-ODD-16 and I-INS-10 (ADA Standards of Care 2026), I-SUG-07 and I-SUG-101 (sugar raises glucose and insulin).
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
Not region-specific.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
Not region-specific.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
未经主治医生同意，切勿停用胰岛素。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Stopping insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes (all type 1 and many type 2) can cause severe hyperglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, which can be fatal. The ADA Standards of Care 2026 require insulin for most adults with type 1 diabetes (Rec. 9.1, grade A; I-ODD-16) and list missed insulin doses as a DKA precipitant (I-INS-10). The 2024 consensus report on hyperglycaemic crises (I-INS-07) identifies omission of insulin as one of the two most frequent causes of DKA (13-60% of cases by region) and reports 1-year mortality after DKA 13 times that of the general population. Any reduction of insulin must be supervised by the treating physician with glucose monitoring.
- 来源质量
Own words (machine transcript, live Q&A). Third-party list mytayibat.com also lists insulin among 'forbidden' items, whereas altayybat.com asks users not to stop prescribed medication.
- 地区可推广性
Universal.
- 个体例外情况
Some people with type 2 diabetes can reduce or stop insulin under medical supervision after weight loss or lifestyle change; this requires monitoring.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
已被科学证据否定 – 高质量证据显示情况恰恰相反，或该说法与已确立的生理学知识相矛盾。
研究问题: In people with insulin-treated diabetes, is stopping insulin while eating sugar 'normally' safe, or does it cause hyperglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis and death?
研究问题详解 (PICO)
- 人群
- People with insulin-treated diabetes (all type 1; insulin-requiring type 2)
- 干预或暴露
- Stopping insulin and eating sugar without restriction
- 对照
- Continued insulin therapy under medical supervision
- 地域范围
- universal biology; health-system context matters for mortality (higher DKA mortality in low- and middle-income settings)
- 结局指标
- Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemic crises
- Mortality
- Glycaemic control
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
Sugar in a meal acts like starch
Small amounts of sucrose in a mixed meal raised blood glucose no more than starch in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes; all type 1 participants remained on insulin.
- 实际结果
- Sucrose meal did not produce greater peak glucose increments or AUC than potato, wheat or glucose meals in healthy, type 1 and type 2 groups.
- 方法学质量
- moderate for its narrow question (controlled single-meal study, 1983)
- 相关性
- indirect: supports only the narrow point that sugar within a planned meal can be covered by insulin; it gives no support for stopping insulin
- 局限
- Single meals; small; participants on insulin.
DiRECT: weight loss to put type 2 diabetes into remission
In type 2 diabetes (not type 1), substantial weight loss under medical supervision achieved remission in some participants (DiRECT).
- 实际结果
- Remission 46% vs 4% at 12 months; antidiabetic drugs withdrawn under supervision.
- 方法学质量
- high (cluster RCT)
- 相关性
- indirect: shows that some people with type 2 diabetes can reduce or stop medication through supervised weight loss, not by eating sugar normally
- 局限
- Excluded insulin-treated patients; medication withdrawal was medically supervised.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
International guideline on diabetic ketoacidosis
International consensus report on hyperglycaemic crises identifies omission of insulin therapy as one of the two most frequent causes of DKA and describes high mortality.
- 实际结果
- Insulin omission 13.3-59.6% of DKA precipitants by region; discontinuation of insulin >2/3 of DKA admissions in one cohort; 1-year mortality after DKA 13 times general population; inpatient DKA mortality up to 26-41% in some low- and middle-income settings.
- 方法学质量
- high (consensus based on systematic evidence review; guideline-level)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Consensus document; mortality figures from observational data.
ADA guideline 2026: diabetes medicines
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358900 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S009 指南 / 立场声明已核查全文ADA Standards of Care 2026: most adults with type 1 diabetes must be treated with multiple daily insulin doses or insulin pumps (Rec. 9.1, grade A).
- 实际结果
- Rec. 9.1 (A); Rec. 9.3 teaches matching insulin to carbohydrate intake.
- 方法学质量
- high (annually updated evidence-graded guideline)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Guideline; recommendations for adults.
ADA guideline 2026: blood sugar goals and emergencies
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006 指南 / 立场声明已核查全文ADA Standards of Care 2026: hyperglycaemic crises are life-threatening; missed insulin doses are a precipitating factor requiring ketone monitoring.
- 实际结果
- Ketone testing advised with illness, missed insulin doses or eating disorders, especially if glucose >200 mg/dL.
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Guideline.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
Insulin must not be stopped without medical supervision; in type 1 diabetes insulin is life-sustaining. Eating sugar without adjusting insulin raises glucose further.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Guidelines and the consensus report rest on decades of clinical data and the established physiology of absolute insulin deficiency; the only 'supporting' items are indirect (supervised type 2 remission; sugar covered by insulin in a meal) and do not support the advice given.
因果关系是否已确立？ 是，已确立 Insulin deficiency causes uncontrolled lipolysis and ketogenesis; insulin omission is a documented leading precipitant of DKA across regions, and DKA is lethal without treatment.
仍存在的不确定性
Individual context of the viewer (diabetes type, insulin reserve) is unknown; some people with type 2 diabetes can reduce insulin under supervision.
合理的结论
This advice is false and dangerous as general guidance: insulin must not be stopped on the basis of diet, and sugar does not make insulin unnecessary.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
No real conflict: DiRECT-type remission applies to selected people with type 2 diabetes losing weight under supervision, not to eating sugar normally or to type 1 diabetes.
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal: absolute insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes is not diet-dependent.
- 饮食习惯
- Diets high in sugar raise insulin needs.
- 食品原产地
- Not relevant.
- 污染物
- Not relevant.
- 本国生产条件
- Not relevant.
- 法律规则
- Not relevant.
- 实际监测数据
- Consensus report: insulin omission was 23.5% of DKA precipitants in Syria and up to 59.6% in the U.S.; DKA mortality is much higher where care is delayed.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Range of insulin-omission share among DKA precipitants (Table 1 of consensus report) – 13.3% (Indonesia) to 59.6% (U.S. upper bound); read directly from the table, no recalculation needed 无法根据已发表数据重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- DKA/hyperglycaemic crisis after stopping insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes
- 起始等级
- 低（观察性研究）
- 升级理由
- very large effect (DKA is near-inevitable with absolute insulin deficiency)
- established physiology
- 结果
- 高
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- ADA: 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026 (I-ODD-16) (2026) · 原始文献
Rec. 9.1 (A): treat most adults with type 1 diabetes with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily doses of prandial and basal insulin; 9.3: match mealtime insulin to carbohydrate intake. - ADA: 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026 (I-INS-10) (2026) · 原始文献
Hyperglycaemic crises are life-threatening and require immediate care; people at risk of DKA should measure ketones with symptoms and potential precipitating factors such as illness, missed insulin doses or eating disorders, particularly if glucose exceeds 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). - Consensus report published in Diabetes Care (Umpierrez GE et al.): Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report (Diabetes Care 2024;47:1257-1275; I-INS-07) (2024) · 原始文献
Most frequent causes of DKA/HHS are infection and omission of insulin therapy; insulin omission accounts for 13-60% of DKA precipitants across regions (Syria 23.5%, U.S. 41.0-59.6%); discontinuation of insulin accounted for more than two-thirds of DKA admissions in one urban cohort; after a DKA episode 1-year mortality is 13 times that of the general population; inpatient DKA mortality reaches 26-41% in some low- and middle-income settings. - ADA: 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026 (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1:S89-S131; I-INTC-03) (2026) · 原始文献
Rec. 5.14: minimise sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, refined grains, processed and ultra-processed foods. Rec. 5.21: encourage water over other beverages (A). Rec. 5.22: nonnutritive sweeteners can replace sugar-sweetened products if consumed in moderation and for the short term (B). Rec. 5.25: replace sugar-sweetened beverages (including any juices) with water or low/no-calorie beverages and minimise foods with added sugar (B).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:"hyperglycemic crises" AND (consensus OR guideline) AND PUB_YEAR:[2023 TO 2026] | 指南 | 11 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | "Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026" | 指南 | 41 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:"insulin omission" OR TITLE:"discontinuation of insulin" OR TITLE:"stopped insulin") AND (ketoacidosis OR mortality) | 反对性证据 | 9 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (Egypt OR Egyptian) AND ("diabetic ketoacidosis") AND ("insulin omission" OR "missed insulin" OR "precipitating") | 反对性证据 | 144 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("diabetic ketoacidosis") AND ("alternative medicine" OR "herbal" OR "traditional healer" OR "diet") AND ("stopped insulin" OR "discontinued insulin" OR "insulin cessation" OR "cessation of insulin") | 支持性证据 | 123 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:("type 1 diabetes") AND ("insulin" ) AND TITLE:("without insulin" OR "insulin-free" OR "discontinue insulin" OR "stop insulin") AND (diet) | 支持性证据 | 2 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (insulin omission[tiab] OR insulin discontinuation[tiab] OR missed insulin[tiab]) AND diabetic ketoacidosis[tiab] AND (cohort[tiab] OR systematic review[pt] OR consensus[tiab]) | 反对性证据 | 6 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (type 1 diabetes[ti]) AND (insulin withdrawal[tiab] OR without insulin[tiab]) AND (sucrose[tiab] OR sugar[tiab] OR diet[tiab]) AND (remission[tiab] OR survival[tiab]) | 支持性证据 | 15 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | Bantle JP[au] AND sucrose AND postprandial | 双向 | 5 | |
| PMC (ADA Standards of Care 2026, sections 5, 6, 9; consensus report) | 2026年10月26日 | Full-text pages PMC12690188, PMC12690178, PMC12690185, PMC11272983 fetched and searched for insulin omission, type 1 treatment and sugar recommendations | 指南 | 1 |
待解决的问题
None that would change the verdict.
核查深度如何？
6 项相关研究：3 项核查了全文（其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），3 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 错误 (高)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 错误 (高)
Guidelines fetched today (ADA 2026 sections 6 and 9; 2024 consensus report) confirm the existing verdict. The safety note is kept and sharpened.
新来源: I-SUG-102
通俗解释
在一个直播视频中，Diaa 医生告诉一位观众停用胰岛素并正常吃糖。对于身体不能产生足够胰岛素的人（例如1型糖尿病患者）来说，停用胰岛素可能危及生命。有些2型糖尿病患者在改变生活方式后可以减少胰岛素用量，但必须在医疗监督下并配合血糖检测。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (1)
-
DiRECT: weight loss to put type 2 diabetes into remission
Lean ME et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 29221645 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究46% of people in the programme were free of diabetes and medication after one year.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Can intensive weight management in primary care achieve T2D remission?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Open-label cluster-randomised trial (DiRECT)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
306 (149 per group ITT); 49 practices; Age 20-65, T2D <6 years, BMI 27-45, not on insulin
- 实际发现了什么？
Remission 46% vs 4%.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
OR 19.7
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Losing 10-15 kg can reverse early type 2 diabetes.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Open-label; Selected population; Formula diet
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
UK; directly relevant.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Effect of the Tayebat diet; effect in type 1 or insulin-treated diabetes.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (4)
-
Sugar cola vs diet cola vs sparkling water: blood sugar and insulin
Galicia-Ayala C et al.. Nutrition 2026 · PMID 41016269 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112938随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要Sugar-sweetened cola raised blood sugar and insulin most; diet cola and sparkling water did not.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Acute glucose and hormone responses to sucrose vs NNS colas.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Randomized crossover trial, 4 beverages, 7-day washout.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
20; Healthy adults
- 实际发现了什么？
Sucrose beverage elicited the highest glucose and insulin responses with significant increases at 30 min (P<0.001); aspartame/acesulfame-K and carbonated water showed no significant differences in glucose or hormones.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Significant rise at 30 min
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Sugar raises insulin in healthy people.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Small; Acute only
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High (physiology).
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Long-term effects.
-
International guideline on diabetic ketoacidosis
Umpierrez GE et al.. Diabetes Care 2024 · PMID 39052901 · DOI 10.2337/dci24-0032指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究Insulin, fluids and potassium are the core treatment; with this, fewer than 1% of adults die.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Diagnosis and management of DKA and HHS in adults
- 研究是如何开展的？
International consensus report based on systematic examination of literature since 2009 (ADA, EASD, JBDS, AACE, DTS)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; Adults with diabetes
- 实际发现了什么？
Insulin is the cornerstone; glucocorticoids worsen hyperglycaemia.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Mortality <1% with treatment
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Ketoacidosis needs hospital treatment with insulin.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Consensus, not trial
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
EASD and JBDS (UK) co-authored; directly applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Outcomes of untreated DKA quantitatively.
-
ADA guideline 2026: diabetes medicines
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358900 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S009指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究Insulin is essential in type 1 diabetes; SGLT2/GLP-1 drugs are recommended for heart and kidney protection; side effects listed.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Pharmacologic glycaemic treatment
- 研究是如何开展的？
Clinical practice guideline (ADA Standards of Care 2026, Section 9)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- 实际发现了什么？
See results.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Medicines chosen by benefit-risk.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Partially read
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Consistent with ADA/EASD consensus.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Not applicable.
-
ADA guideline 2026: blood sugar goals and emergencies
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究Most adults should aim for HbA1c below 7%, avoid low sugar, and measure ketones when at risk.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Glycaemic goals, hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemic crises
- 研究是如何开展的？
Clinical practice guideline (ADA Standards of Care 2026, Section 6)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; People with diabetes
- 实际发现了什么？
Individual targets; do not stop basal insulin when not eating.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Moderate targets and safety rules.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
US-centred; Partially read
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Consistent with EASD guidance.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Not applicable.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (1)
-
Sugar in a meal acts like starch
Bantle JP et al.. N Engl J Med 1983 · PMID 6343873 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM198307073090102其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要In 1983, meals containing table sugar raised blood sugar about as much as meals with potato or wheat starch, in healthy people and people with diabetes.
Small amounts of sucrose in meals behaved like starch, but all type 1 participants were on insulin; nothing supports stopping insulin.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test whether the type of carbohydrate changes blood sugar and insulin after a meal.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Participants ate five meals that differed only in the type of carbohydrate.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
10 healthy adults, 12 with type 1 and 10 with type 2 diabetes.
- 实际发现了什么？
Sucrose meals did not raise blood sugar more than starch meals; insulin peaks were similar.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
No significant differences between sucrose and starch meals.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
A small amount of sugar inside a balanced meal is handled like other carbohydrates.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Short single-meal tests; old study; small groups.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports including some sugar in a meal plan; gives no support for stopping insulin.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Physiology applies in Europe and Egypt.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot show that large sugar intakes or stopping insulin are safe.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Not region-specific.
埃及
Not region-specific.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
错误 这一建议是错误且危险的：绝不能在没有医疗监督的情况下因饮食原因停用胰岛素，因为漏用胰岛素是可能致命的糖尿病酮症酸中毒的主要原因之一。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：
- 添加剂与加工
蜂蜜、糖、甜食
选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial.. Lean ME et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 29221645 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
- Enteroendocrine hormonal response after the ingestion of cola beverages with sucrose and non-nutritive sweeteners in healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial.. Galicia-Ayala C et al.. Nutrition 2026 · PMID 41016269 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112938
- Hyperglycemic Crises in Adults With Diabetes: A Consensus Report.. Umpierrez GE et al.. Diabetes Care 2024 · PMID 39052901 · DOI 10.2337/dci24-0032
- 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358900 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S009
- 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006
- Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects.. Bantle JP et al.. N Engl J Med 1983 · PMID 6343873 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM198307073090102