禁食会使肠道激素，尤其是胰岛素，降到零（“您空腹时的胰岛素等于零”）。
原始表述
فالصيام يُصفّر الهرمونات المعوية، وعلى رأسها الأنسولين، فيمنح الكبد والأمعاء فرصة الإصلاح وإخراج السموم.
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
禁食会使肠道激素，尤其是胰岛素，降到零（“您空腹时的胰岛素等于零”）。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors summarising Elawady's view (homepage summary; not the quote box)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/
- 归属的不确定性
- Homepage summary written by the archive operators describing Elawady's views; partly cites his 'statement of the theory' video (aEbRfVSJIOw), otherwise no video reference.
- 所声称的机制
Insulin is only secreted in response to food in the gut.
- 所声称的健康影响
Insulin falls to zero during fasting
- 涉及人群
Everyone
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
来源版本存在差异
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live!فلسفة الصيام مع السحور المحترم (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2026年2月23日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; 'published' is the date listed by the archive and may be the upload date. Live-stream transcripts can contain viewer comments read aloud; the quoted passage was checked in context to be spoken by Elawady.
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- ارتفاع السكر والأسيتون ؟خطر والا ده الطبيعي ؟#ضياء_العوضي (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年12月23日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; 'published' is the date listed by the archive and may be the upload date. Live-stream transcripts can contain viewer comments read aloud; the quoted passage was checked in context to be spoken by Elawady.
科学评估
基本错误 – 该说法的主要部分没有证据支持，或被严重夸大。
证据确定性: 高 – 进一步研究极不可能改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
Fasting reduces insulin (and other gut hormones) to zero.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
Insulin secretion falls during fasting, which permits lipolysis and ketone body production; ketones (beta-hydroxybutyrate) become a major brain fuel in prolonged starvation (I-FAST-01). Fasting regimens can lower fasting insulin (I-FAST-05).
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
Insulin does not fall to zero in healthy people; a low basal level persists and restrains ketone production and hepatic glucose output. When insulin truly approaches zero (type 1 diabetes), ketoacidosis develops (I-INS-08). A fasting glucose of 700 mg/dL, which Elawady mentions as compatible with 'zero insulin', is a medical emergency indicating severe insulin deficiency, not a healthy fasting state. Insulin is also not only a gut hormone; it is a pancreatic hormone released into the portal vein, with secretion modulated by gut hormones (incretins).
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
Exact basal insulin values in individual lean people during very long fasts were not available in open abstracts; it is uncertain whether Elawady meant 'zero' literally or as 'very low'.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
I-FAST-01 (insulin falls, ketones rise); I-FAST-103 (insulin and C-peptide decrease during a 72-h fast); partly I-FAST-05. No study reports insulin falling to zero.
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
I-FAST-101 (insulin plateau during 6-week fasts), I-FAST-102 (insulin secretion persists after 36 h), I-INS-08, I-INS-10.
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
Not region-specific.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
Not region-specific; Ramadan fasting practice is common.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
禁食会降低胰岛素，这是其代谢作用的一部分，但完全没有胰岛素的身体是处于危险之中的。使用胰岛素的糖尿病患者在禁食期间，未经医生指导不得停用基础胰岛素。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Direct hormone measurements in fasting humans consistently show that insulin falls and then persists at a low plateau: during 6-week fasts insulin 'declined to a plateau by the 3rd day' (I-FAST-101); in a 72-h fast insulin and C-peptide decreased and reference intervals for the fasting period were reported (I-FAST-103); after 36 h only first-phase secretion was slightly reduced (I-FAST-102). Complete absence of insulin causes ketoacidosis (I-INS-08). The kernel (insulin falls) is correct, hence mostly false rather than false.
- 来源质量
Homepage editorial paraphrase plus own words in machine transcripts.
- 地区可推广性
Universal.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
已被科学证据否定 – 高质量证据显示情况恰恰相反，或该说法与已确立的生理学知识相矛盾。
研究问题: In healthy humans, does fasting reduce circulating insulin to zero?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- Healthy adults; people with diabetes for the safety implication
- 干预或暴露
- Fasting 12 h to several weeks
- 对照
- Fed / overnight-fasted state
- 地域范围
- universal biology
- 结局指标
- Plasma insulin, C-peptide
- Insulin secretion
- Ketone production
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
Normal hormone values during a three-day fast
Højlund K et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 · PMID 11120658 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E50 其他已核查摘要新增During a 72-h fast in 33 healthy adults insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin decreased.
- 实际结果
- Decreases P<0.001; reference intervals reported (values not in abstract).
- 方法学质量
- moderate (physiological reference study)
- 相关性
- direct for the correct kernel (insulin falls)
- 局限
- Values not extracted; abstract only.
How the body fuels itself during starvation
Cahill GF. Annu Rev Nutr 2006 · PMID 16848698 · DOI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258 叙述性综述已核查摘要Insulin falls in starvation and ketones become a major fuel.
- 实际结果
- Narrative review, no numbers.
- 方法学质量
- low (narrative review)
- 相关性
- direct for the kernel
- 局限
- Narrative.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
Hormones during weeks of fasting
During 6-week fasts insulin declined to a plateau by day 3 and stayed there.
- 实际结果
- 'Insulin concentration declined to a plateau by the 3rd day.'
- 方法学质量
- moderate (classic physiological study)
- 相关性
- direct: insulin persists at a low level
- 局限
- Old, small, abstract only.
Insulin after a 36-hour fast
Jørgensen SW et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021 · PMID 33284087 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2020 其他已核查摘要新增After 36 h of fasting, insulin secretion persisted with only a minor fall in first-phase secretion.
- 实际结果
- Minor reduction in first-phase secretion; higher insulin during refeeding.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (gold-standard methods, n=13)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Small; men only.
Review on diabetic ketoacidosis
Dhatariya KK et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 · PMID 32409703 · DOI 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1 叙述性综述全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估When insulin is truly absent (type 1 diabetes), diabetic ketoacidosis develops.
- 实际结果
- D-K-A triad; DKA leading cause of death in young people with T1D.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (Nature Reviews primer)
- 相关性
- direct for the danger of zero insulin
- 局限
- Narrative review.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
Fasting lowers insulin substantially, which permits fat breakdown and ketone production (correct). Insulin does not fall to zero: a low basal level persists for weeks of fasting and restrains ketogenesis. A body with zero insulin develops ketoacidosis.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Direct hormone measurements in fasting humans (I-FAST-101, -102, -103) answer the question directly; the DKA literature explains why zero insulin is incompatible with health.
因果关系是否已确立？ 不适用 Descriptive physiological question.
仍存在的不确定性
Exact basal insulin concentrations in individual lean people during very long fasts; whether Elawady meant 'zero' literally.
合理的结论
Insulin falls during fasting but does not reach zero; the 'zero' statement is physiologically false and dangerous when applied to people on insulin.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
None: all studies agree insulin falls; they differ only in duration and measurement method.
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal endocrine physiology.
- 饮食习惯
- Ramadan fasting (daily, with night meals) is common in Egypt; it lowers insulin during the day without abolishing it.
- 食品原产地
- Not applicable.
- 污染物
- Not applicable.
- 本国生产条件
- Not applicable.
- 法律规则
- Not applicable.
- 实际监测数据
- No monitoring data relevant.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Numbers available? – Abstract reports qualitative time course only; no recalculation possible. 无法根据已发表数据重新计算
- Numbers available? – Only P values in abstract; full text not openly accessible. 无法根据已发表数据重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- Plasma insulin during fasting in healthy adults (zero vs low-persisting)
- 起始等级
- 低（观察性研究）
- 升级理由
- consistent direct physiological measurements across studies and decades (no study reports zero)
- 结果
- 高
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- ADA: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026, Section 6 (Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises) (2026) · 原始文献
Previously verified by the diabetes team (I-INS-10 full text): people on intensive insulin therapy should not stop or hold basal insulin even if not eating; individuals at risk for DKA should measure ketones; consider holding SGLT2 inhibitors when oral intake cannot be maintained. Not re-fetched in this phase (diabetesjournals.org returned 403).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("72-hour fast" OR "72-h fast" OR "prolonged fast") AND (insulin) AND (healthy OR normal) AND (concentration OR "plasma insulin") AND (beta-hydroxybutyrate OR ketone) | 双向 | 191 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:(fasting) AND TITLE:(insulin) AND ("healthy subjects" OR "healthy volunteers") AND ("C-peptide") AND (days OR "84-hour" OR "48-hour" OR "60-hour") | 双向 | 5 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("10-day fast" OR "water-only fast" OR "prolonged fasting" OR "long-term fasting") AND ABSTRACT:("insulin decreased" OR "insulin levels decreased" OR "insulin fell" OR "insulin concentrations") AND (healthy OR volunteers) AND (days) | 双向 | 16 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (fasting[ti] OR starvation[ti]) AND insulin[ti] AND (healthy OR normal) AND (suppression OR decrease) | 支持性证据 | 221 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | "prolonged fasting"[tiab] AND ("insulin secretion"[tiab] OR "plasma insulin"[tiab]) AND humans[MeSH] | 支持性证据 | 36 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (fasting[ti] OR starvation[ti]) AND insulin[ti] AND ("C-peptide" OR "basal insulin" OR "insulin secretion") AND healthy | 反对性证据 | 48 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | ("insulin deficiency"[tiab] OR "type 1 diabetes"[tiab]) AND ketoacidosis[ti] AND (pathophysiology OR review[pt]) | 反对性证据 | 258 |
待解决的问题
Context of the 'fasting glucose 700 mg/dL' quote: if it refers to a real patient, it describes an emergency.
核查深度如何？
7 项相关研究：3 项核查了全文（其中 2 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），4 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 基本错误 (中)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 评定结论已更改: 基本错误 (中) → 基本错误 (高)
Previous certainty was moderate because 'no direct study measuring zero was reviewed'. Three direct physiological studies now registered (6-week fasts, 72-h reference intervals, 36-h secretion study) consistently show insulin persists at a low level. Verdict unchanged (the kernel 'insulin falls' is correct); certainty raised.
新来源: I-FAST-101 I-FAST-102 I-FAST-103
通俗解释
当我们不进食时，胰岛素会下降，身体开始燃烧储存的脂肪。这部分是正确的。但在健康人体内，胰岛素永远不会降到零，因为始终需要少量胰岛素来控制血液中的酸性物质。如果确实缺乏胰岛素，例如在1型糖尿病中，就会发生危及生命的酮症酸中毒。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (1)
-
How the body fuels itself during starvation
Cahill GF. Annu Rev Nutr 2006 · PMID 16848698 · DOI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258叙述性综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要During long fasting the brain uses ketones from fat, which allows survival.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Fuel metabolism in prolonged starvation
- 研究是如何开展的？
Narrative/biographical review
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; Humans in starvation (historical studies)
- 实际发现了什么？
Ketones fuel the brain in starvation.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not reported
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Fasting ketosis is normal physiology in healthy people.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Narrative; No quantitative data in abstract
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Physiology universal.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
That high glucose plus ketones is harmless in diabetes.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (4)
-
Review on diabetic ketoacidosis
Dhatariya KK et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 · PMID 32409703 · DOI 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1叙述性综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估DKA is an emergency that can kill; it is treated with fluids, insulin and salts, and insulin must not be stopped in type 1 diabetes even when not eating.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of DKA
- 研究是如何开展的？
Narrative expert review (Nature Reviews Disease Primers)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; Adults and children with diabetes
- 实际发现了什么？
DKA is diagnosed by high glucose, ketones and acid; it kills <1% when treated in rich countries but up to 26-41% where treatment is lacking; treatment is fluids, insulin and potassium, and insulin must never be stopped in type 1 diabetes even when not eating.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
DKA is an emergency.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Narrative expert review without systematic methods; one author has research support from insulin makers.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
International.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Quantitative estimates.
-
ADA guideline 2026: blood sugar goals and emergencies
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究Most adults should aim for HbA1c below 7%, avoid low sugar, and measure ketones when at risk.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Glycaemic goals, hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemic crises
- 研究是如何开展的？
Clinical practice guideline (ADA Standards of Care 2026, Section 6)
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; People with diabetes
- 实际发现了什么？
Individual targets; do not stop basal insulin when not eating.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Moderate targets and safety rules.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
US-centred; Partially read
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Consistent with EASD guidance.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Not applicable.
-
Hormones during weeks of fasting
Marliss EB et al.. J Clin Invest 1970 · PMID 5480852 · DOI 10.1172/JCI106445其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究During fasts of up to six weeks, insulin fell to a low plateau by the third day and stayed there; glucagon rose.
Insulin declines to a plateau by day 3 of fasting and persists; it does not go to zero.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Describe glucagon and insulin in prolonged human fasting.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Repeated blood measurements during supervised fasts; glucagon infusions.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Volunteers on 6-week fasts (number not in abstract).
- 实际发现了什么？
Insulin fell to a plateau by day 3; glucagon peaked on day 3.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Not reported in abstract.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Fasting lowers insulin, but a low basal level remains.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Old, small, uncontrolled; abstract only.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Correct that insulin falls; wrong that it becomes zero.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Applies; same physiology.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Exact insulin concentrations; effects in lean people.
-
Insulin after a 36-hour fast
Jørgensen SW et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021 · PMID 33284087 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2020其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究In 13 healthy men, a 36-hour fast only slightly reduced early insulin release; the body became more insulin resistant for a while.
Insulin secretion persists after 36 h; only a minor fall in first-phase secretion.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Understand how insulin release and action change with a longer fast.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Compared 36-h and 12-h fasts with glucose tolerance testing and tracers.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
13 healthy young men in Denmark.
- 实际发现了什么？
Insulin secretion persisted with a minor reduction; whole-body insulin resistance increased.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Not available (abstract only).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Healthy bodies keep making some insulin even after a day and a half without food.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Tiny sample, men only, short fast.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Insulin does not go to zero; physiological insulin resistance during fasting is real but different from diabetes.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Applies; same physiology.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Effects of fasts longer than 36 h; women; people with diabetes.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)
-
What intermittent fasting does to metabolism
Patterson RE et al.. Annu Rev Nutr 2017 · PMID 28715993 · DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634叙述性综述独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估Fasting regimens seem to help weight loss and may improve metabolism; much is still hypothesis.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting
- 研究是如何开展的？
Narrative review
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable; Humans and animal models
- 实际发现了什么？
Most small fasting trials showed some weight loss; fasting was not better than eating less every day; benefits for liver and metabolism come mainly from mouse studies.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
not reported
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
A possible tool, not a cure.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Not a systematic review; small, short human studies; much evidence from male mice; no long-term disease outcomes.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
General.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Superiority or detox effects.
-
Normal hormone values during a three-day fast
Højlund K et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 · PMID 11120658 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E50其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要In 33 healthy adults fasting 72 hours, glucose and insulin went down while stress hormones went up.
Insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin decrease during a 72-h fast, with reference intervals given; decline, not disappearance.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Define normal values during the 72-hour fast test.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Repeated blood sampling during a 72-h fast.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
33 healthy Danish adults.
- 实际发现了什么？
Glucose, insulin and C-peptide decreased; glucagon, FFA, cortisol, catecholamines increased.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
P<0.001 for decreases (values not in abstract).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
When healthy people fast, insulin and blood sugar go down, not up.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Values not available from abstract.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Insulin falls but is measured throughout; blood sugar falls in healthy fasting.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Applies; same physiology.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Whether insulin ever reaches undetectable levels in individuals.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Not region-specific.
埃及
Not region-specific; Ramadan fasting practice is common.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
基本错误 禁食会降低胰岛素，但测量表明它会稳定在一个较低的水平，而不会降到零；胰岛素为零就意味着酮症酸中毒。
该说法涉及生物学或医学关系。上述科学评估不论在哪个国家都适用；各国食品数据不会改变这一评估。
参考文献
- Fuel metabolism in starvation.. Cahill GF. Annu Rev Nutr 2006 · PMID 16848698 · DOI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258
- Diabetic ketoacidosis.. Dhatariya KK et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 · PMID 32409703 · DOI 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1
- 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026.. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006
- Glucagon levels and metabolic effects in fasting man.. Marliss EB et al.. J Clin Invest 1970 · PMID 5480852 · DOI 10.1172/JCI106445
- Impact of prolonged fasting on insulin secretion, insulin action, and hepatic versus whole body insulin secretion disposition indices in healthy young males.. Jørgensen SW et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021 · PMID 33284087 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2020
- Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting.. Patterson RE et al.. Annu Rev Nutr 2017 · PMID 28715993 · DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634
- Reference intervals for glucose, beta-cell polypeptides, and counterregulatory factors during prolonged fasting.. Højlund K et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 · PMID 11120658 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E50