Nezam El-Tayebat 事实核查对“نظام الطيبات”饮食体系的科学评估
选择国家
选择语言: 简体中文

基本正确 仅在特定条件下成立 证据确定性: 中 初步 C-UPF-02

超加工食品会促使过量进食和体重增加：在美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的一项随机试验中，人们在超加工饮食下每天多吃约500 kcal，两周内体重增加0.9 kg。

简而言之: 这一说法基本正确：随机喂养试验显示，在典型的超加工饮食下，人们吃得更多，体重也会增加（在 NIH 试验中每天约多500 kcal），但这些试验时间较短，而且部分效应取决于能量密度和进食速度，而不是加工本身。
结论: 试验支持超加工食品（UPF）饮食会导致热量摄入增加、体重减轻减少；但证据是短期的。
  1. 原始表述
  2. 科学评估
  3. 科学证据详解
  4. 通俗解释
  5. 与该说法相关的研究
  6. 地区背景
  7. 在我的国家适用什么？
  8. 参考文献

原始表述

الدليل التجريبي الحاسم جاء من تجربة هول العشوائية ... فالأكل من الأطعمة فائقة المعالجة دفعهم لاستهلاك 508 سعرة زائدة يومياً وزيادة 0.9 كغ في أسبوعين، بينما خسر نفس الأشخاص 0.9 كغ على الحمية غير المُعالَجة.

按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。

译文

超加工食品会促使过量进食和体重增加：在美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的一项随机试验中，人们在超加工饮食下每天多吃约500 kcal，两周内体重增加0.9 kg。

出处

来源状态
档案网站编辑
归属
Archive editors (study selection and narrative are the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's)
出处
https://eltayebat.com/rule/ultra-processed-foods/
归属的不确定性
The archive homepage states that the forbidden-food section is supported by research 'independently of Dr. Diaa's words'. No evidence was found that Elawady himself cited these studies.
所声称的机制

Hyper-palatability, energy density, eating rate (not specified by archive).

所声称的健康影响

Excess energy intake, weight gain, obesity.

涉及人群

Adults, children

Elawady 设定的地域限制

none found

科学评估

基本正确 – 核心内容正确，但有局限或细微不准确之处。

证据确定性: 中 – 进一步研究仍可能影响该评估。

1. 说法是什么？

UPF diets cause overeating and weight gain.

2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？

Hall 2019 (A-UPF-01): +508 ± 106 kcal/day, +0.9 kg vs -0.9 kg. Dicken 2025 (I-UPF-01): within guideline-compliant diets, weight loss was greater on minimally processed food (-2.06% vs -1.05%; difference -1.01%, 95% CI -1.87 to -0.14).

3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？

Calling one 20-person, 4-week inpatient trial 'decisive' is an overstatement; long-term effects are not tested in trials.

4. 哪些内容仍不明确？

Which features of UPF drive the effect: eating rate, texture and energy density explain part of it (I-UPF-102, I-UPF-124); long-term effects are untested.

5. 哪些研究支持该说法？

A-UPF-01 (Hall 2019), I-UPF-01 (Dicken 2025), Hamano 2024 (I-UPF-101; +813.5 kcal/day in 9 Japanese men), A-UPF-08, A-UPF-09, A-UPF-10.

6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？

No trial shows the opposite, but limiting evidence exists: within UPF diets, slower-eating textures reduced intake by 369 kcal/day (Forde 2026, I-UPF-102); with fixed preloads, processing did not change later intake (Barros 2026, I-UPF-124); a 2026 review argues that feeding trials do not establish causation beyond energy density and nutrients (I-UPF-123).

7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？

Applicable; I-UPF-01 was conducted in England.

8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？

No Egypt-specific data.

9. 合理的实际结论是什么？

主要选择最低限度加工的食品可能有助于控制体重。

评估详情

证据确定性的依据

Two randomized crossover feeding trials (US inpatient, n=20, 2 weeks per diet; UK outpatient, n=55, 8 weeks per diet) point the same way; supported by cohorts (A-UPF-08, A-UPF-09) and a systematic review in children (A-UPF-10). Trials are short and small; mechanisms are unresolved.

来源质量

Archive reports Hall 2019 accurately; 'the decisive evidence' overstates a 20-person, 4-week trial.

地区可推广性

High: the 2025 UK trial (I-UPF-01) was conducted in England within national dietary guidelines.

个体例外情况

Responses varied between individuals.

说法的地域范围
普遍性（生物学/医学）
最近审核
2026年10月26日 初步

科学证据详解

仅在特定条件下成立 – 该说法仅在特定剂量、特定人群、特定制备方式或特定情况下成立。

研究问题: In adults, do ad libitum UPF diets, compared with minimally processed diets, increase energy intake and weight (Hall 2019: +500 kcal/day, +0.9 kg in 2 weeks)?

研究问题详解 (PICO)
人群
Adults
干预或暴露
Ultra-processed diet
对照
Unprocessed/minimally processed diet
地域范围
universal biology
结局指标
  • Energy intake
  • Body weight

研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。

哪些证据支持该说法？

哪些证据不支持该说法？

总体证据说明了什么？

基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。

哪种观点有更好的证据支持？

Short-term ad libitum trials consistently show higher intake and weight gain on typical UPF diets; part of the effect is explained by energy density and eating rate rather than processing per se.

为什么有些研究权重更大

Randomised feeding trials (Hall, Dicken, Hamano) outweigh critiques; mechanistic trials (Forde, Teo, Barros) qualify what drives the effect.

因果关系是否已确立？ 很可能 Randomised but short; mechanism partly non-specific to processing.

仍存在的不确定性

Long-term effects; which features matter.

合理的结论

Archive reports Hall 2019 correctly; 'drive overeating' is supported for typical UPF diets in the short term.

为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？

Hall/Hamano (ad libitum, whole-day UPF vs unprocessed) vs Barros (fixed preloads, one day) answer different questions; Forde shows variation within UPF.

这是否取决于国家？
一般生物学效应
Biological mechanisms (energy density, eating rate, additives) are universal.
饮食习惯
Mostly European and US diets studied; Egyptian UPF intake not quantified in the literature found (PubMed search: 2 hits, neither relevant).
食品原产地
Not relevant.
污染物
Not relevant.
本国生产条件
Product formulations differ by country.
法律规则
No legal UPF category in EU or (as far as checked) Egypt.
实际监测数据
No Egyptian monitoring data.

足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。

统计复核
  • 95% CI from mean +/- SE – 300 to 716 kcal/day. 已重新计算
  • CI midpoint/SE – Consistent; SE about 240 kcal/day. 已重新计算
  • CI midpoint – Consistent (369). 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
主要结局
Short-term energy intake on UPF diets
起始等级
高（随机试验）
降级理由
  • imprecision (small trials)
  • indirectness (short duration)
结果
中

由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。

检索策略

本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。

数据库日期检索式检索目标命中数纳入数
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("ultra-processed" OR "ultraprocessed") AND ("energy intake" OR "ad libitum" OR "weight") AND (PUB_TYPE:"Randomized Controlled Trial" OR TITLE:randomized OR TITLE:randomised OR TITLE:crossover) AND PUB_YEAR:[2019 TO 2026]双向442
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("ultra-processed" OR "ultraprocessed") AND (TITLE:obesity OR TITLE:overweight OR TITLE:"body weight" OR TITLE:adiposity) AND (PUB_TYPE:"Meta-Analysis") AND PUB_YEAR:[2020 TO 2026]支持性证据31
PubMed2026年10月26日(ultra-processed[ti] OR ultraprocessed[ti]) AND ("energy intake"[tiab] OR "weight gain"[tiab]) AND (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR crossover[tiab])支持性证据26
Europe PMC2026年10月26日("ultra-processed" OR "ultraprocessed") AND ("energy density" OR "hyperpalatab*") AND (TITLE:diet* OR TITLE:intake) AND PUB_YEAR:[2021 TO 2026] AND (PUB_TYPE:"Randomized Controlled Trial" OR PUB_TYPE:"Clinical Trial")反对性证据35
PubMed2026年10月26日(ultra-processed[ti] OR ultraprocessed[ti]) AND ("eating rate"[tiab] OR texture[tiab] OR "energy density"[tiab] OR hyperpalatab*[tiab]) AND (trial[tiab])反对性证据20

核查深度如何？

9 项相关研究：2 项核查了全文（其中 2 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），7 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。

最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日

评定结论的变更历史
  1. 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 基本正确 (中)
  2. 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 基本正确 (中)
    Replication (Hamano) and mechanistic trials (Forde, Barros) refine but do not overturn the conclusion.
    新来源: I-UPF-101 I-UPF-102 I-UPF-123 I-UPF-124

通俗解释

在美国一家医院进行的实验中，20个人在吃超加工食品时每天多摄入约500卡路里，体重增加了；而在吃未加工食品时，他们的体重下降了。2025年在英格兰进行的一项更大规模的试验发现，即使两种饮食都遵循国家健康饮食建议，最低限度加工的饮食也带来了更多的体重减轻。这些试验时间较短，但支持该档案网站的观点。

与该说法相关的研究

支持该说法的研究 (6)

  • Ultra-processed vs unprocessed diet in hospital

    Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2019 · PMID 31105044 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008
    随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    People ate about 500 calories more per day and gained weight on ultra-processed food.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Do ultra-processed foods affect energy intake?

    研究是如何开展的？

    Inpatient randomized crossover trial, 2 weeks per diet, ad libitum.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    20; Weight-stable adults, mean age 31, BMI 27

    实际发现了什么？

    Energy intake +508 ± 106 kcal/day on UPF (p=0.0001); carbohydrate +280, fat +230 kcal/day; protein unchanged; weight +0.9 ± 0.3 kg (UPF) vs -0.9 ± 0.3 kg (unprocessed).

    观察到的效应有多大？

    +508 kcal/day; +0.9 kg vs -0.9 kg

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Ultra-processed food can make people eat more.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Only 20 people, 2 weeks per diet, in hospital conditions; no washout between diets; participants knew which diet they ate; the cause of the extra eating (e.g. energy-dense food, faster eating) is not clear.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Core evidence for C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    High.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Long-term health outcomes.

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed food and weight gain in Spain

    Mendonça RD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 27733404 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.135004
    队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要

    Highest consumers had 26% higher risk of becoming overweight.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Is UPF associated with incident overweight/obesity?

    研究是如何开展的？

    Prospective cohort, FFQ.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    8,451; 1,939 incident cases; Middle-aged graduates not overweight at baseline

    实际发现了什么？

    Highest vs lowest quartile HR 1.26 (1.10-1.45); P trend 0.001.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    HR 1.26 (1.10-1.45)

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Association.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    NOVA misclassification possible; Residual confounding; Self-reported diet

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    High.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed food and BMI in France

    Beslay M et al.. PLoS Med 2020 · PMID 32853224 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256
    队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要

    Each 10% more ultra-processed food: 11% higher risk of overweight.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Is UPF associated with BMI change and overweight/obesity?

    研究是如何开展的？

    Prospective cohort with repeated 24-h records.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    110,260; 7,063 overweight and 3,066 obese incident; Adults, 78% women

    实际发现了什么？

    BMI gain beta 0.02 per 10%; overweight HR 1.11 (1.08-1.14); obesity HR 1.09 (1.05-1.13).

    观察到的效应有多大？

    HR 1.11 overweight

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Association.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    NOVA misclassification possible; Residual confounding; Self-reported diet; Selection bias (authors)

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    High.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed food and body fat in children

    Costa CS et al.. Public Health Nutr 2018 · PMID 28676132 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980017001331
    系统综述被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要

    Most studies found more body fat in children eating more ultra-processed foods, including sweets and soft drinks.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Is UPF associated with body fat in children/adolescents?

    研究是如何开展的？

    Systematic review (no meta-analysis).

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    26 studies (15 cohorts); Healthy children and adolescents

    实际发现了什么？

    Most studies of UPF groups and soft drinks found positive associations with body fat.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Not pooled

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Association.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    No pooling; Heterogeneous exposures

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Causation.

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed vs minimally processed healthy diets in England

    Dicken SJ et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 40760353 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-025-03842-0
    随机对照试验独立交叉核查全文，含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究

    Both diets led to weight loss, but about twice as much on minimally processed food.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    Effect of UPF vs MPF within national dietary guidelines on weight.

    研究是如何开展的？

    2x2 crossover randomized controlled feeding trial, 8 weeks per diet, ad libitum.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    55 randomized; 50 ITT; Adults with BMI 25-<40 and habitual UPF >=50% kcal

    实际发现了什么？

    MPF -2.06% (-2.99 to -1.13); UPF -1.05% (-1.98 to -0.13); difference -1.01% (-1.87 to -0.14), P=0.024; Cohen's d -0.48. Mild GI adverse events common on both.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    -2.06% vs -1.05% weight

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Processing level may matter even in healthy diets.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    About 50 people, mostly women and health workers, 8 weeks per diet; the difference between diets was about 1 kg; dropouts happened only on the minimally processed diet; the order of the diets influenced the result.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports C-UPF-02 (replicates direction of Hall 2019).

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    High (England).

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    It cannot show long-term effects on weight or disease, nor that UPF are harmful when a diet otherwise follows healthy guidance (both diets led to weight loss).

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed diet trial in Japanese men

    Hamano S et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024 · PMID 39267249 · DOI 10.1111/dom.15922
    随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    In 9 men, one week of ultra-processed food led to eating about 800 kcal more per day and gaining 1.1 kg more weight.

    UPF diet: +813.5 kcal/day and +1.1 kg vs non-UPF in a 9-person crossover.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    To test UPF effects on weight and intake.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Randomised crossover trial.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    9 overweight men.

    实际发现了什么？

    More intake and weight gain on UPF; less chewing.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    +813.5 kcal/day; +1.1 kg.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Ultra-processed meals may make it easy to overeat.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Tiny, short, open-label.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Supports C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show long-term effects.

    科学细节 →

与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (2)

  • Critique of ultra-processed food feeding trials

    Ludwig DS. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2026 · PMID 42063358 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2026.2664043
    叙述性综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    A 2026 review argues that short feeding studies cannot prove that ultra-processed foods cause obesity.

    Argues that feeding trials do not establish UPF as a cause of obesity beyond energy density and nutrients.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    To appraise UPF feeding trials.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Narrative review.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    Not applicable.

    实际发现了什么？

    Evidence called inconclusive.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    Not applicable.

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Causation is not settled.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Opinion piece.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Limits C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Applicable.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Does not show UPF are harmless.

    科学细节 →

  • Ultra-processed vs unprocessed meals of the same calories

    Barros LM et al.. Appetite 2026 · PMID 42633852 · DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2026.108761
    随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    When people ate fixed portions, ultra-processed meals did not make them eat more at the next meal.

    With fixed preloads, UPF did not change later energy intake or satiety (n=19, one day).

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    To separate processing from energy density.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Randomised crossover trial.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    19 young adults.

    实际发现了什么？

    No effect of processing on later intake.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    -24.5 kcal (-87 to 38).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    Calorie density and eating speed may matter more than processing.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Tiny, one-day.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Limits C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Moderate.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show UPF diets do not cause overeating over days.

    科学细节 →

结果不一或不明确的研究 (1)

  • Eating speed and ultra-processed diets

    Forde CG et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41314613 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.11.012
    随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要

    When ultra-processed meals were chosen to be eaten slowly, people ate about 370 kcal less per day than with fast-to-eat ultra-processed meals.

    Overeating on UPF diets depends on eating rate/texture; slow-eating UPF diets reduced intake by 369 kcal/day.

    该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

    原始文献 · 科学细节

    研究通俗解读
    研究人员想了解什么？

    To test whether eating rate drives intake on UPF diets.

    研究是如何开展的？

    Randomised crossover trial, 2 weeks per diet.

    研究了多少人、动物或样本？

    41 young adults.

    实际发现了什么？

    Slower-to-eat UPF meals reduced intake; weight unchanged.

    观察到的效应有多大？

    -369 kcal/day (221-517).

    研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？

    How fast food is eaten matters, not only whether it is processed.

    该研究有哪些局限？

    Short; healthy young adults; industry ties of first author.

    它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？

    Qualifies C-UPF-02.

    研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？

    Applicable.

    从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？

    Cannot show that UPF is harmless.

    科学细节 →

地区背景

德国 / 欧盟

Applicable; I-UPF-01 was conducted in England.

埃及

No Egypt-specific data.

在我的国家适用什么？

一般科学评估

基本正确 试验支持超加工食品（UPF）饮食会导致热量摄入增加、体重减轻减少；但证据是短期的。

以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：

  • 添加剂与加工
  • 监管、进口、召回、标签

选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。

局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。

居住或购买所在国 与另一个国家比较

参考文献

  1. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake.. Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2019 · PMID 31105044 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008
  2. Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study.. Mendonça RD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 27733404 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.135004
  3. Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort.. Beslay M et al.. PLoS Med 2020 · PMID 32853224 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256
  4. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and body fat during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review.. Costa CS et al.. Public Health Nutr 2018 · PMID 28676132 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980017001331
  5. Ultraprocessed or minimally processed diets following healthy dietary guidelines on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized, crossover trial.. Dicken SJ et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 40760353 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-025-03842-0
  6. Ultra-processed foods cause weight gain and increased energy intake associated with reduced chewing frequency: A randomized, open-label, crossover study.. Hamano S et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024 · PMID 39267249 · DOI 10.1111/dom.15922
  7. Is the experimental evidence on ultra-processed food and obesity reliable?. Ludwig DS. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2026 · PMID 42063358 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2026.2664043
  8. Effect of ultra-processed-rich versus ultra-processed-free preload meals at high and low energy density on ad libitum energy intake: a randomized crossover trial.. Barros LM et al.. Appetite 2026 · PMID 42633852 · DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2026.108761
  9. Eating rate has sustained effects on energy intake from ultraprocessed diets: a 2-week ad libitum dietary randomized controlled crossover trial.. Forde CG et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41314613 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.11.012

← 返回概览