人工甜味剂会扰乱有益的肠道细菌,从而在动物和人类中引起葡萄糖不耐受。
原始表述
ومحلِّيات صناعية تُخل بالبكتيريا النافعة ... والسبب جزئياً أن المحلِّيات الصناعية — كما أوضحت دراسة Nature عام 2014 — تُحدث خللاً في بكتيريا الأمعاء يقود إلى عدم تحمُّل الجلوكوز.
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
人工甜味剂会扰乱有益的肠道细菌,从而在动物和人类中引起葡萄糖不耐受。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (study selection and narrative are the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/soda/
- 归属的不确定性
- The archive homepage states that the forbidden-food section is supported by research 'independently of Dr. Diaa's words'. No evidence was found that Elawady himself cited these studies.
- 所声称的机制
Microbiome alteration.
- 所声称的健康影响
Glucose intolerance.
- 涉及人群
General population
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
科学评估
可能正确 – 有一些证据支持该说法,但不足以得出明确判断。
证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么?
Sweeteners damage gut bacteria and cause glucose intolerance.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?
Suez 2014 (A-SOD-09) showed microbiome-dependent glucose intolerance in mice and reported similar effects in healthy humans; Suez 2022 RCT (I-SOD-03) found saccharin and sucralose impaired glycaemic responses and each sweetener altered the microbiome.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?
Not all sweeteners behaved the same: in 2022, aspartame and stevia did not significantly impair glycaemic responses. Effects were person-specific and short-term. The 2014 human data were a small add-on to mouse work.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确?
Long-term clinical consequences (e.g., diabetes incidence) are not established.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法?
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?
I-SOD-106 (saccharin RCT: no microbiome or glucose effect), I-SOD-107 (sucralose RCT meta-analysis: no significant effect), I-SOD-03 (no significant glycaemic effect for aspartame and stevia).
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?
Sweeteners are authorised in the EU under Reg. (EC) 1333/2008 with ADIs; WHO 2023 advises against NSS use for weight control (conditional).
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?
No Egypt-specific data.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么?
现有证据支持保持谨慎并开展进一步研究,而不能确定有害。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Mouse experiments with faecal transfer and a small human component (2014) and a 120-person RCT (2022) showing that saccharin and sucralose, but not aspartame or stevia, impaired glycaemic responses in a person-specific way over 2 weeks. Other randomised evidence is null: a double-blind RCT of saccharin at the maximum acceptable daily intake found no microbiome or glucose-tolerance changes (I-SOD-106), and a 2026 meta-analysis of 10 sucralose RCTs found no significant effects on microbial diversity, fasting glucose or insulin resistance (I-SOD-107). Clinical relevance and long-term effects are unknown.
- 来源质量
Archive accurately summarises the 2014 abstract but generalises to all sweeteners and to humans 'alike'.
- 地区可推广性
High (mechanism not region-specific).
- 个体例外情况
Effects appear person-specific; not all people respond.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性(生物学/医学)
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
过度解读 – 确有真实的发现,但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围(例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应)。
研究问题: Do artificial sweeteners disturb gut bacteria and thereby cause glucose intolerance in humans?
研究问题详解 (PICO)
- 人群
- Healthy adults; mice
- 干预或暴露
- Non-nutritive sweeteners (saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, stevia)
- 对照
- Placebo/glucose control
- 地域范围
- universal
- 结局指标
- Microbiome composition
- Glucose tolerance
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法?
Sweeteners and blood sugar: a 120-person trial
Suez 2022 RCT (120 adults): saccharin and sucralose impaired glycaemic responses in a person-specific, microbiome-linked way over 2 weeks.
- 实际结果
- Saccharin and sucralose impaired glycaemic responses; aspartame and stevia did not.
- 方法学质量
- high (RCT)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Short; person-specific.
Sweeteners, gut bacteria and blood sugar
Suez 2014: microbiome-dependent glucose intolerance in mice, transferable by faecal transplant.
- 实际结果
- Mouse data plus small human component.
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- indirect (mainly animal)
- 局限
- Animal model.
哪些证据不支持该说法?
High-dose saccharin did not change gut bacteria or blood sugar
Double-blind RCT: saccharin at maximum ADI for 2 weeks did not change microbiome or glucose tolerance.
- 实际结果
- No OGTT or microbiome changes.
- 方法学质量
- high (RCT)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Short; capsules.
Sucralose trials show no clear gut or blood-sugar effect
2026 meta-analysis of 10 RCTs: sucralose did not significantly alter diversity, fasting glucose or HOMA-IR.
- 实际结果
- Shannon SMD -0.00; FBG SMD -0.04.
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Small imprecise trials.
总体证据说明了什么?
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持?
Animal effects are established; human randomised evidence is inconsistent: one RCT found person-specific glycaemic effects of saccharin and sucralose, others found none.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Human RCTs weigh more than mouse work; they conflict.
因果关系是否已确立? 有可能,尚未确立 Mechanism plausible in mice; human relevance unclear.
仍存在的不确定性
Long-term clinical consequences.
合理的结论
Partly supported; overstated as a general rule.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?
Suez 2022 vs Serrano 2021: sachets in water vs capsules, different baseline microbiomes, person-specific responders; both short-term.
这是否取决于国家?
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal.
- 法律规则
- EU-authorised sweeteners with ADIs.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
- 主要结局
- Glucose tolerance with NNS in humans
- 起始等级
- 高(随机试验)
- 降级理由
- inconsistency
- imprecision
- indirectness (short-term surrogate)
- 结果
- 低
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- WHO: Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline (2023), publication page (I-SOD-08) (2023) · 原始文献
Guidance on NSS use to reduce unhealthy weight gain and NCD risk; not based on toxicological safety assessment and not intended to replace JECFA acceptable daily intakes; accompanying news release: recommends against NSS for weight control (conditional). - ADA: 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026 (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1:S89-S131; I-INTC-03) (2026) · 原始文献
Rec. 5.14: minimise sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, refined grains, processed and ultra-processed foods. Rec. 5.21: encourage water over other beverages (A). Rec. 5.22: nonnutritive sweeteners can replace sugar-sweetened products if consumed in moderation and for the short term (B). Rec. 5.25: replace sugar-sweetened beverages (including any juices) with water or low/no-calorie beverages and minimise foods with added sugar (B).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (saccharin OR sucralose OR aspartame OR "non-nutritive sweetener" OR "artificial sweetener") AND ("gut microbiota" OR microbiome) AND ("glucose tolerance" OR "glucose intolerance" OR "insulin sensitivity") AND (randomized OR randomised) AND (human OR healthy OR adults) | 双向 | 523 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:"non-nutritive sweeteners" OR TITLE:"artificial sweeteners" OR TITLE:"low-calorie sweeteners") AND (glycemic OR glycaemic OR "glucose") AND ("meta-analysis") AND (randomized) | 双向 | 45 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | Serrano J[au] AND saccharin AND microbiota | 反对性证据 | 1 |
待解决的问题
Long-term trials with clinical outcomes; responder characteristics.
核查深度如何?
5 项相关研究:0 项核查了全文(其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),5 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
通俗解释
在小鼠和一小群人身上进行的实验提示,某些甜味剂会改变肠道细菌和血糖控制。一项2022年的试验发现,糖精和三氯蔗糖会使部分人出现这类变化,但阿斯巴甜和甜菊糖不会。其他试验,包括一项大剂量糖精试验和一份对十项三氯蔗糖试验的汇总,都没有发现变化。甜味剂从长期来看是否会导致疾病,目前尚不清楚。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (2)
-
Sweeteners, gut bacteria and blood sugar
Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793动物研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究In mice, sweeteners changed gut bacteria and caused glucose intolerance; a small human test showed similar effects.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Do non-caloric artificial sweeteners alter glucose tolerance via the microbiota?
- 研究是如何开展的?
Mouse experiments (antibiotics, faecal transplants into germ-free mice) plus human observational/intervention data.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Not stated in abstract; Mice; healthy human subjects
- 实际发现了什么?
NAS induced glucose intolerance via microbiota; abrogated by antibiotics; transferable via faecal transplant; similar dysbiosis and glucose intolerance demonstrated in healthy human subjects.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Some sweeteners may affect blood sugar via gut bacteria.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Human data small (size not in abstract); Commercial formulations contained glucose fillers (not in abstract); Short-term
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mechanistic support for C-SOD-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
That diet soda causes diabetes, stroke or dementia.
-
Sweeteners and gut bacteria (duplicate)
Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793动物研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Same paper as A-SOD-09.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
See A-SOD-09.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Same publication as A-SOD-09 (listed twice by the archive).
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Not stated in abstract; Mice; healthy humans
- 实际发现了什么?
See A-SOD-09.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Not applicable
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
See A-SOD-09.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Duplicate of A-SOD-09
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports C-SOD-07 (duplicate).
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
See A-SOD-09.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (2)
-
High-dose saccharin did not change gut bacteria or blood sugar
Serrano J et al.. Microbiome 2021 · PMID 33431052 · DOI 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究In a placebo-controlled trial, two weeks of saccharin at the maximum acceptable dose changed neither gut bacteria nor glucose tolerance.
Saccharin at max ADI: no microbiome or glucose effect.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Test whether saccharin harms gut bacteria and glucose control.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Double-blind randomised trial in humans plus mouse experiments.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Healthy adults; mice.
- 实际发现了什么?
No changes in gut bacteria or glucose tolerance.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
No significant differences.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Effects seen in mice in 2014 were not confirmed for saccharin in this trial.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Short trial; capsules.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts the claim for saccharin.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot rule out effects in some individuals or over years.
-
Sucralose trials show no clear gut or blood-sugar effect
Wulandari DT et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2026 · PMID 42794802 · DOI 10.3390/ijms27188377Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要A 2026 meta-analysis of 10 small trials found no significant effect of sucralose on gut bacteria diversity, fasting glucose or insulin resistance.
No significant pooled effect of sucralose on microbiota diversity or fasting glucose.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Pool trials on sucralose and gut bacteria.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Meta-analysis of randomised trials.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Ten small trials.
- 实际发现了什么?
No significant changes in diversity or blood sugar.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Shannon SMD -0.00; fasting glucose SMD -0.04.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Short-term sucralose use did not clearly disturb gut bacteria.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Small, short, imprecise trials.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Limits the claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot exclude long-term or individual effects.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (1)
-
Sweeteners and blood sugar: a 120-person trial
Suez J et al.. Cell 2022 · PMID 35987213 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Saccharin and sucralose worsened glucose responses in some people; aspartame and stevia did not significantly.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Do NNS causally affect human microbiome and glycaemic responses?
- 研究是如何开展的?
Randomized controlled trial (2 weeks) plus gnotobiotic mouse transfer.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
120; Healthy adults
- 实际发现了什么?
Each NNS distinctly altered stool and oral microbiome and plasma metabolome; saccharin and sucralose significantly impaired glycaemic responses; responder-specific effects reproduced in mice.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Qualitative (numbers not in abstract)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Some sweeteners affect some people.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Short (2 weeks); Clinical relevance unknown; Authors' commercial interests
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed for C-SOD-07.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Long-term disease risk.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Sweeteners are authorised in the EU under Reg. (EC) 1333/2008 with ADIs; WHO 2023 advises against NSS use for weight control (conditional).
埃及
No Egypt-specific data.
在我的国家适用什么?
一般科学评估
可能正确 某些甜味剂改变了小鼠的肠道细菌和血糖反应,在一项试验中也改变了部分人的肠道细菌和血糖反应,但其他试验没有发现任何影响;长期危害尚未得到证实。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关:
- 添加剂与加工
- 监管、进口、召回、标签
蜂蜜、糖、甜食
选择一个国家,查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限:法律规则描述的是允许什么,而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本,只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota.. Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793
- Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota.. Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793
- High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice.. Serrano J et al.. Microbiome 2021 · PMID 33431052 · DOI 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w
- Effect of Sucralose Consumption on Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.. Wulandari DT et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2026 · PMID 42794802 · DOI 10.3390/ijms27188377
- Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance.. Suez J et al.. Cell 2022 · PMID 35987213 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016