Asupan telur (dan kolesterol makanan) yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan kematian karena semua sebab (setiap tambahan setengah telur per hari: +6% penyakit kardiovaskular, +8% kematian).
Pernyataan asli
في JAMA 2019 ارتبط كل نصف بيضة إضافية يومياً بزيادة 6% في أمراض القلب و8% في الوفيات الكلية على 29615 شخصاً
kata demi kata sesuai sumber. Terjemahan oleh proyek; rumusan bahasa Arab yang menjadi acuan.
Terjemahan
Asupan telur (dan kolesterol makanan) yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan kematian karena semua sebab (setiap tambahan setengah telur per hari: +6% penyakit kardiovaskular, +8% kematian).
Asal
- Status sumber
- Redaksi arsip
- Atribusi
- Archive editors (not Elawady)
- Asal
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/industrial-eggs/
- Ketidakpastian atribusi
- Narrative and study selection written by the archive operators; the archive states the forbidden section is documented independently of Dr. Diaa's words.
- Mekanisme yang diklaim
Dietary cholesterol from eggs (and, per the archive, TMAO formation, see C-EGG-05).
- Efek kesehatan yang diklaim
Cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality.
- Populasi yang dimaksud
Adults (US cohorts in the cited study)
- Batasan geografis oleh Elawady
none found
Penilaian ilmiah
Sebagian besar salah – Bagian-bagian penting dari pernyataan ini tidak didukung oleh bukti atau sangat dilebih-lebihkan.
Tingkat kepastian bukti: rendah – Penelitian lebih lanjut kemungkinan besar akan mengubah penilaian secara bermakna.
1. Apa yang diklaim?
The archive presents the JAMA 2019 pooled US analysis as epidemiological evidence that eggs raise cardiovascular disease and mortality risk.
2. Apa yang terbukti benar?
The JAMA 2019 study (A-EGG-12) reported exactly these associations (HR 1.06 for CVD and 1.08 for mortality per half egg/day), and the archive reproduces them correctly. The largest updated meta-analysis (Zhao 2022, I-EGG-109) also found a small positive association (RR 1.04 per egg/day), concentrated in US cohorts. Randomised trials show that more dietary cholesterol modestly raises LDL cholesterol (about 1.9-4.6 mg/dL per extra 100 mg/day, I-EGG-07).
3. Apa yang salah atau dilebih-lebihkan?
The archive omits that in the same JAMA study the egg association disappeared after adjustment for dietary cholesterol, and that larger bodies of evidence disagree: the 2020 BMJ meta-analysis (1.7 million participants) found RR 0.98 (0.93-1.03) per egg/day; PURE (about 177,000 people, 50 countries) found no association of >=7 vs <1 egg/week with CVD or mortality; a meta-analysis of 33 cohorts found no association with all-cause or CVD mortality; Chinese data (0.5 million adults) showed lower CVD risk with daily egg intake. Relative risks of 6-8% correspond to small absolute differences (1.11% and 1.93% absolute risk differences over follow-up in JAMA 2019).
4. Apa yang masih belum jelas?
Effects of high intakes (>1 egg/day), effects in people with type 2 diabetes (possible higher risk in a pooled analysis, I-EGG-01), a possible signal for heart failure (I-EGG-04) and for cancer mortality (I-EGG-05) remain uncertain; observational studies cannot fully separate eggs from accompanying foods (e.g., processed meat in breakfasts).
5. Studi mana yang mendukungnya?
A-EGG-12 (pooled US cohorts, correctly cited); I-EGG-109 (largest updated meta-analysis, 3.6 million participants: CVD RR 1.04, 1.00-1.08 per egg/day; US 1.08, 1.02-1.14; Asia 0.96, 0.87-1.06); I-EGG-112 (all-cause mortality RR 1.06 per egg/day, restricted to women, Americans and some subgroups); I-EGG-07 (LDL rise in RCTs); I-EGG-06 (AHA on LDL).
6. Studi mana yang membantahnya?
I-EGG-01, I-EGG-02, I-EGG-03, I-EGG-05; I-EGG-110 (>1 egg/day vs <=1: CVD HR 0.99, 0.93-1.06, 1.4 million people); I-EGG-111 (Isfahan cohort, Iran: >=3 eggs/week vs <1, CVD HR 1.05, 0.79-1.40); I-EGG-04 (mixed: inverse for CVD at moderate intake, positive for heart failure). These meta-analyses overlap heavily in their cohorts and are not independent confirmations.
7. Apa yang berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
European cohorts in the BMJ 2020 meta-analysis showed no association (RR 1.05, 0.92-1.19). The AHA (US) no longer sets a numeric cholesterol limit but recommends dietary patterns naturally low in cholesterol. [The German DGE position was not fetched for this review.]
8. Apa yang diketahui tentang Mesir?
No Egyptian cohort data were found. A 12-year Iranian cohort (I-EGG-111) and the multinational PURE study, including middle-income countries (I-EGG-02), show no increased risk at moderate intake; Asian cohorts in Zhao 2022 show no association (RR 0.96).
9. Kesimpulan praktis apa yang tepat?
Bagi sebagian besar orang dewasa yang sehat, hingga sekitar satu telur sehari dalam pola makan sehat tidak berhubungan dengan risiko kardiovaskular yang lebih tinggi. Orang dengan LDL tinggi atau diabetes sebaiknya mengikuti nasihat medis perorangan.
Rincian penilaian
- Alasan tingkat kepastian bukti
All evidence on hard outcomes is observational (GRADE starts at low). Several large dose-response meta-analyses (partly overlapping in primary studies) and the multinational PURE study show no association of moderate intake (up to about 1 egg/day) with CVD or mortality, while one pooled US analysis (the archive's study) showed a positive association. RCTs show that dietary cholesterol modestly raises LDL. The overall direction is consistent enough to call the general claim mostly false, but certainty remains low.
- Kualitas sumber
Archive editorial; cites a real, correctly summarised, high-profile study (A-EGG-12), but selects it from a larger and largely contradictory body of evidence.
- Keteralihan ke wilayah lain
The positive associations are mainly seen in US cohorts; European cohorts show no association and Asian cohorts an inverse association (I-EGG-01).
- Pengecualian individual
People with type 2 diabetes, familial hypercholesterolaemia or high LDL may be advised by their doctors to limit dietary cholesterol. In people with type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis found a possible higher cardiovascular risk (RR 1.25, 0.99-1.59 per egg/day; 1.40, 1.00-1.97 for high vs low intake, with considerable heterogeneity), although the US cohorts in the same paper showed no association in this group (HR 1.06) (I-EGG-01). One meta-analysis suggested higher heart failure risk at 1 egg/day or more (low certainty).
- Cakupan wilayah klaim
- umum (biologis/medis)
- Terakhir ditinjau
- 26 Oktober 2026 sementara
Bukti ilmiah secara rinci
Ditafsirkan berlebihan – Ada temuan yang nyata, tetapi klaim ini menarik kesimpulan lebih jauh daripada yang dimungkinkan oleh data (mis. hubungan dianggap sebagai penyebab, data hewan diterapkan pada manusia, efek kecil disajikan sebagai efek besar).
Pertanyaan penelitian: In adults, is higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake associated with, or a cause of, higher cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, as reported in JAMA 2019 (+6% CVD, +8% mortality per half egg/day)?
Pertanyaan penelitian secara rinci (PECO)
- Populasi
- Adults without CVD at baseline (US, European, Asian and Middle Eastern cohorts)
- Intervensi atau paparan
- Higher egg / dietary cholesterol intake
- Pembanding
- Lower intake
- Cakupan geografis
- population-dependent (strong regional heterogeneity: US vs Europe vs Asia/Middle East)
- Luaran
- incident CVD
- CVD mortality
- all-cause mortality
- LDL cholesterol (surrogate)
Hasil studi sebagaimana dilaporkan oleh para penulis. Penilaian kami menyusul di bawah.
Apa yang mendukung klaim ini?
Large review links eggs to slightly higher heart risk, mainly in the USA
Zhao B et al.. Circulation 2022 · PMID 35360933 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642 Meta-analisisteks lengkap diperiksabaru ditambahkanLargest updated meta-analysis (3.6 million participants) plus a 31-year Finnish cohort: a small positive egg-CVD association, confined to US (and borderline European) cohorts.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- Per 50 g egg/day CVD RR 1.04 (1.00-1.08), I2 80.1%; US 1.08 (1.02-1.14); Europe 1.05 (0.98-1.14); Asia 0.96 (0.87-1.06).
- Kualitas metodologis
- moderate (large meta-analysis of cohorts; high heterogeneity)
- Relevansi
- direct
- Keterbatasan
- Observational; heterogeneity by region; cohort in male smokers.
Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in six US cohorts
Zhong VW et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 30874756 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.1572 Studi kohortabstrak diperiksaPooled US cohorts (JAMA 2019), the archive's source, correctly cited by the archive.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- Per half egg/day CVD HR 1.06 (1.03-1.10), ARD 1.11%; mortality HR 1.08 (1.04-1.11), ARD 1.93%; not significant after adjustment for dietary cholesterol.
- Kualitas metodologis
- moderate (pooled individual-level US cohorts)
- Relevansi
- direct
- Keterbatasan
- US only; single dietary assessment.
Dietary cholesterol and LDL
Vincent MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30596814 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy273 Meta-analisisabstrak diperiksaMeta-regression of controlled feeding trials: dietary cholesterol raises LDL modestly.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- +1.90 to +4.58 mg/dL LDL per 100 mg/day cholesterol.
- Kualitas metodologis
- high for the surrogate (RCTs)
- Relevansi
- indirect (surrogate)
- Keterbatasan
- No hard outcomes.
Apa yang menentang klaim ini?
Eggs and heart disease: 1.7 million people
Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32132002 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m513 Meta-analisisteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstrukturThree large US cohorts and updated meta-analysis (BMJ 2020): no association up to 1 egg/day.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- Meta-analysis RR 0.98 (0.93-1.03) per egg/day; Europe RR 1.05 (0.92-1.19); cohorts >=1 egg/day HR 0.93 (0.82-1.05).
- Kualitas metodologis
- moderate
- Relevansi
- direct
- Keterbatasan
- Observational.
Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in 50 countries
Dehghan M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31965140 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz348 Studi kohortabstrak diperiksaPURE (177,000 people, 50 countries incl. middle-income): no association of >=7 vs <1 egg/week with CVD or mortality.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- Composite HR 0.96 (0.89-1.04); mortality 1.04 (0.94-1.15).
- Kualitas metodologis
- moderate (large multinational cohort)
- Relevansi
- direct and regionally broad
- Keterbatasan
- Observational; FFQ.
Iranian study: eggs not linked to heart disease
Mohammadifard N et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35347253 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01118-1 Studi kohortabstrak diperiksabaru ditambahkanIsfahan Cohort (Iran, 12 years): no association of >=3 eggs/week with CVD.
- Hasil sebenarnya
- CVD HR 1.05 (0.79-1.40); MI 1.44 (0.86-2.41).
- Kualitas metodologis
- moderate (regional cohort, imprecise)
- Relevansi
- direct, Middle Eastern population
- Keterbatasan
- Wide CIs.
Apa kata bukti secara keseluruhan?
Penilaian redaksi berdasarkan studi di atas – bukan hasil studi itu sendiri.
Posisi mana yang lebih didukung?
Moderate egg intake (up to about one egg a day) is not consistently associated with CVD or mortality. A small positive association is seen in US cohorts and in the largest meta-analysis (RR 1.04 per egg/day), but not in Asian or Middle Eastern cohorts. Dietary cholesterol modestly raises LDL in trials.
Mengapa sebagian studi lebih berbobot
Large meta-analyses overlap heavily (Drouin-Chartier, Godos, Mousavi, Ma, Zhao, Krittanawong share many cohorts), so they are not independent confirmations. Regional subgroup patterns are consistent across syntheses and are given weight. RCT evidence on LDL supports biological plausibility but has no hard outcomes.
Apakah hubungan sebab-akibat sudah terbukti? Mungkin, belum terbukti A small causal effect at high intakes is biologically plausible via LDL, but cohort associations are small, inconsistent across regions and sensitive to adjustment (the JAMA 2019 egg association disappeared after adjustment for dietary cholesterol).
Ketidakpastian yang tersisa
Effects of >1 egg/day, in people with type 2 diabetes, and why US cohorts differ (accompanying foods such as processed meat, cooking fat).
Kesimpulan yang dapat dibenarkan
The archive correctly reproduces the JAMA 2019 numbers but presents a small, US-specific association as a general risk while omitting the larger, partly contradictory evidence.
Mengapa studi-studi tampak saling bertentangan?
Zhao 2022 and Ma 2022 report small positive pooled associations; Drouin-Chartier 2020, Krittanawong 2021, Mousavi 2022, PURE and the Isfahan cohort report none. The disagreement is mainly explained by region (US vs Asia), intake range, adjustment for dietary cholesterol/hyperlipidaemia, and model choice; they largely answer the same question with different weighting of the same cohorts. Recomputed US vs Asia difference z = 2.04, p = 0.04.
Apakah ini bergantung pada negara?
- Efek biologis umum
- Dietary cholesterol raises LDL modestly in most people (RCTs).
- Kebiasaan makan
- In the US eggs are often eaten with processed meat and refined bread; this may explain regional differences.
- Asal makanan
- Not relevant.
- Cemaran
- Not relevant.
- Kondisi produksi nasional
- Not relevant.
- Aturan hukum
- AHA no longer sets a numeric cholesterol limit (I-EGG-06).
- Data pemantauan sebenarnya
- No Egyptian cohort; Iranian (Isfahan) and multinational PURE data show no association.
Perbedaan antarwilayah didukung oleh data yang kuat.
Pemeriksaan ulang statistik
- CI log-symmetry and US vs Asia heterogeneity – All CIs log-symmetric within rounding; US vs Asia z = 2.04, p = 0.042 (paper: P-interaction 0.02 across three regions). dihitung ulang
- Relative vs absolute risk – HR 1.06 per half egg/day corresponds to an absolute risk difference of 1.11 percentage points over follow-up (about 1 extra case per 90 people, if causal); log-linear extrapolation to 1 egg/day gives HR about 1.12. dihitung ulang
- CI plausibility – CVD HR 0.99 (0.93-1.06) log-symmetric; inverse CAD estimate (0.89, I2 0%) should not be over-read. dihitung ulang
Kepastian bukti secara keseluruhan (GRADE, disederhanakan)
- Luaran utama
- CVD and all-cause mortality with higher egg intake
- Tingkat awal
- rendah (studi observasional)
- Alasan penurunan tingkat
- inconsistency (I2 80%, regional heterogeneity)
- Hasil
- rendah
Penilaian sederhana oleh satu penilai, mengikuti pendekatan GRADE; bukan panel GRADE formal. GRADE menilai kumpulan bukti untuk satu luaran, bukan studi individual.
Pedoman klinis dan pernyataan resmi yang diperiksa
- AHA: Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: Science Advisory (I-EGG-06) (2020) · Publikasi asli tidak dapat diakses; isinya tidak digunakan
Strategi penelusuran
Penelusuran literatur yang terdokumentasi untuk tinjauan ini (string pencarian dalam sintaksis asli basis data).
| Basis data | Tanggal | Penelusuran | Mencari | Hasil | Disertakan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 26 Oktober 2026 | (egg[ti] OR eggs[ti] OR "dietary cholesterol"[ti]) AND (cardiovascular[ti] OR mortality[ti] OR "coronary"[ti]) AND (meta-analysis[pt] OR systematic review[pt]) AND 2020:2026[dp] | kedua arah | 10 | |
| Europe PMC | 26 Oktober 2026 | TITLE:(egg*) AND (TITLE:"cardiovascular" OR TITLE:"mortality") AND (TITLE:"increased risk" OR TITLE:"higher risk" OR TITLE:"positive association" OR TITLE:"harmful") AND PUB_YEAR:[2019 TO 2026] | bukti pendukung | 1 | |
| Europe PMC | 26 Oktober 2026 | TITLE:(egg*) AND (Egypt* OR Iran* OR Arab* OR "Middle East" OR Tehran OR Saudi) AND (cardiovascular OR "coronary" OR "metabolic syndrome" OR diabetes OR mortality) AND (cohort OR prospective) | kedua arah | 77 | |
| Europe PMC | 26 Oktober 2026 | TITLE:(egg*) AND (TITLE:"cardiovascular" OR TITLE:"coronary" OR TITLE:"stroke") AND (TITLE:"not associated" OR TITLE:"no association" OR TITLE:"lower risk" OR TITLE:"inverse") AND PUB_YEAR:[2018 TO 2026] | bukti yang menentang | 19 | |
| PubMed | 26 Oktober 2026 | "Cochrane Database Syst Rev"[ta] AND (egg OR eggs OR "dietary cholesterol") | kedua arah | 71 |
Pertanyaan terbuka
Prospective data from Egypt; effects at >1 egg/day in people with diabetes.
Seberapa mendalam ini diperiksa?
12 studi terkait: 2 diperiksa dalam teks lengkap (1 di antaranya dengan penilaian risiko bias terstruktur), 10 berdasarkan abstrak, 0 hanya secara bibliografis. Belum ada penilaian formal oleh dua penilai independen dan belum ada tinjauan pakar manusia yang independen.
Tinjauan ilmiah terakhir: 26 Oktober 2026
Riwayat penilaian
- 25 Oktober 2026 · Fase 1 · Penilaian awal: Sebagian besar salah (rendah)
- 26 Oktober 2026 · Fase 4 (tinjauan bukti sistematis) · Diperiksa ulang dengan bukti yang diperluas; penilaian tidak berubah: Sebagian besar salah (rendah)
The largest updated meta-analysis (Zhao 2022) shows a small positive pooled association, which the previous review did not include; this is acknowledged and makes the wording more cautious. It does not change the overall conclusion because the association is small, confined to US (and borderline European) cohorts, absent in Asian and Middle Eastern cohorts, and the meta-analyses overlap. Certainty remains low.
Sumber baru: I-EGG-109 I-EGG-110 I-EGG-111 I-EGG-112
Dalam bahasa sederhana
Arsip mengutip sebuah studi nyata di Amerika Serikat yang mengaitkan setiap tambahan setengah telur per hari dengan risiko jantung yang sedikit lebih tinggi. Namun, ketika para peneliti menggabungkan banyak studi dengan hampir dua juta orang, mereka tidak menemukan kaitan antara hingga satu telur sehari dan penyakit jantung. Sebuah studi di 50 negara menemukan hal yang sama. Telur memang sedikit meningkatkan kolesterol darah pada sebagian orang, sehingga orang dengan kolesterol tinggi atau diabetes sebaiknya bertanya kepada dokter mereka. Arsip menyajikan satu studi dan mengabaikan gambaran yang lebih besar.
Studi tentang klaim ini
Studi yang mendukung klaim (4)
-
Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in six US cohorts
Zhong VW et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 30874756 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.1572Studi kohortdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunciMore eggs or dietary cholesterol were linked to slightly more heart disease and deaths; the egg link disappeared when cholesterol intake was accounted for.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Are dietary cholesterol or egg consumption associated with incident CVD and all-cause mortality?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Pooled individual-participant analysis of 6 prospective US cohorts
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
29,615 participants; 5,400 CVD events; 6,132 deaths; US adults (mean age 51.6; 31.1% black)
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Per 300 mg cholesterol/day: CVD HR 1.17 (1.09-1.26), ARD 3.24%; mortality HR 1.18 (1.10-1.26), ARD 4.43%. Per half egg/day: CVD HR 1.06 (1.03-1.10), ARD 1.11% (0.32-1.89); mortality HR 1.08 (1.04-1.11), ARD 1.93%. After adjustment for dietary cholesterol, egg associations were no longer significant (CVD HR 0.99, 0.93-1.05; mortality HR 1.03, 0.97-1.09).
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Cox models; HR and absolute risk difference (ARD)
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Absolute differences were about 1-2 percentage points over 17 years.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Single baseline dietary assessment; Residual confounding; US-only
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Supports the claim but is contradicted by larger meta-analyses.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Moderate; European cohorts show no association (I-EGG-01).
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot prove causation.
-
Dietary cholesterol and LDL
Vincent MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30596814 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy273Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaMore dietary cholesterol modestly raises LDL cholesterol.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Dose-response of dietary cholesterol on LDL and HDL
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Bayesian meta-regression of randomised dietary intervention trials
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
55 studies; 2,652 subjects; Trial participants
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
+100 mg/d cholesterol: LDL +1.90 (linear), +4.46 (MM), +4.58 (Hill) mg/dL.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Linear, Michaelis-Menten, Hill models
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Matters most for people with high LDL.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Surrogate endpoint
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Supports a mechanism, not outcomes.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
High.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot show heart disease effect.
-
Large review links eggs to slightly higher heart risk, mainly in the USA
Zhao B et al.. Circulation 2022 · PMID 35360933 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap diperiksa★ studi kunciEach extra egg per day: 4% higher CVD risk overall (RR 1.04), 8% in US studies, none in Asian studies.
Pooled RR 1.04 per egg/day; US 1.08; Asia 0.96 (no association).
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Combine all cohort data on eggs, cholesterol and death.
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Finnish cohort plus meta-analysis of 3.6 million people.
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
27,078 men; 49 estimates.
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Small positive association, strongest in US studies.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
RR 1.04 (1.00-1.08) per 50 g egg/day.
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Very high egg intake might slightly increase heart risk in some populations; moderate intake is a small issue at most.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Observational; big differences between studies.
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Partly supports the archive's direction but with a much smaller and region-dependent effect.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Borderline in Europe.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
It cannot prove that eggs cause heart disease.
-
Eggs and death risk: small link mainly in American studies
Ma W et al.. J Nutr 2022 · PMID 35524693 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxac105Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaEach extra egg per day was linked to 6% higher all-cause mortality, but only in some subgroups.
RR 1.06 per egg/day for all-cause mortality, limited to women, Americans and some subgroups.
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Pool studies on eggs and mortality.
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Dose-response meta-analysis.
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
11.9 million participants.
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Small association in subgroups.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
RR 1.06 (1.02-1.10) per egg/day.
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Very high egg intake may be linked with slightly higher mortality in US populations.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Subgroup-driven; observational.
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Partly supports the direction, not the size or generality.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Uncertain.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
It cannot prove causation.
Tidak ada studi dalam kelompok ini yang ditandai sebagai studi kunci.
Studi yang membantah atau membatasi klaim (6)
-
Eggs and heart disease: 1.7 million people
Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32132002 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m513Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur★ studi kunciEating up to one egg a day was not linked to heart disease or stroke.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Is egg intake associated with cardiovascular disease risk?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Three prospective US cohorts (NHS, NHS II, HPFS) plus systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts (PROSPERO CRD42019129650)
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
215,618 cohort participants (14,806 CVD events); meta-analysis 33 estimates, 1,720,108 participants, 139,195 CVD events; US women and men free of CVD, diabetes and cancer; meta-analysis of global cohorts
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Cohorts: an egg a day or more vs <1 per month HR 0.93 (0.82-1.05). Meta-analysis per egg/day: CVD 0.98 (0.93-1.03); Asia 0.92; in people with type 2 diabetes possibly higher risk (1.25, 0.99-1.59).
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Pooled Cox models; random-effects meta-analysis
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
For most people, an egg a day is not linked to heart risk.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Observational; egg eaters had less healthy profiles (residual confounding possible); heterogeneity; few people above one egg a day; possible higher risk in type 2 diabetes is uncertain.
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Contradicts the archive claim.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
European cohorts: no association.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot prove absence of any effect at high intakes or in people with type 2 diabetes.
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Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in 50 countries
Dehghan M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31965140 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz348Studi kohortpemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunciEating an egg a day was not linked to cholesterol levels, heart disease or death.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Is egg intake associated with blood lipids, CVD and mortality across income levels?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Prospective cohort analyses of PURE and of patients in ONTARGET/TRANSCEND trials
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
146,011 (PURE) + 31,544 (trials); PURE general population (21 countries) and patients with vascular disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND)
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
PURE >=7 vs <1 egg/week: composite HR 0.96 (0.89-1.04); mortality 1.04 (0.94-1.15); major CVD 0.92 (0.83-1.01); no association with lipids. ONTARGET/TRANSCEND similar (composite 0.97, 0.76-1.25).
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Cox frailty models
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Moderate egg intake appears neutral worldwide.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Single FFQ; Few very high consumers
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Contradicts.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Includes European countries.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot exclude small effects.
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Eggs and heart disease in 0.5 million Chinese adults
Qin C et al.. Heart 2018 · PMID 29785957 · DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312651Studi kohortpemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaDaily egg eaters had a lower risk of heart disease and stroke.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Is egg consumption associated with CVD subtypes in Chinese adults?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Prospective cohort (China Kadoorie Biobank)
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
461,213 participants; 83,977 CVD cases; 9,985 CVD deaths; Adults 30-79 from 10 regions, free of cancer, CVD, diabetes
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Daily vs non-consumers: CVD HR 0.89 (0.87-0.92); IHD 0.88; MCE 0.86; haemorrhagic stroke 0.74; ischaemic stroke 0.90; 18% lower CVD death.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Stratified Cox HR
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
No sign of harm at moderate intake.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Low intake range; Reverse causation possible
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Contradicts.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Moderate.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot prove benefit.
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Eggs and risk of death: 2.2 million people
Mousavi SM et al.. Adv Nutr 2022 · PMID 35396834 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmac040Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunciEgg intake was not linked to overall or heart deaths; a small link with cancer deaths was found.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Is egg consumption associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 33 cohorts
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
2,216,720 participants; 232,408 deaths; General population
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Highest vs lowest: all-cause RR 1.02 (0.94-1.11); CVD 1.04 (0.87-1.23); CHD 0.98; stroke 0.81 (0.64-1.02); cancer mortality 1.20 (1.04-1.39). Per egg/week: +2% all-cause, +4% cancer, -4% stroke mortality (linear). Certainty low to moderate.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Random effects
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Up to one egg a day appears compatible with a healthy diet.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Overlap with other meta-analyses; Heterogeneity
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Mostly contradicts; notes uncertainty.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
High.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Cannot prove causation of cancer deaths.
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More than one egg a day not linked to heart disease
Krittanawong C et al.. Am J Med 2021 · PMID 32653422 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.046Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaHR 0.99 (0.93-1.06) for cardiovascular events in 1.4 million people.
>1 egg/day not associated with CVD (HR 0.99).
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Pool cohort studies on eggs and CVD.
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Meta-analysis.
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
23 studies, 1.4 million people.
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
No higher CVD risk.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
HR 0.99.
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Eating eggs regularly was not linked to more heart disease.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Observational; overlapping studies.
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Contradicts it.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Moderate.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
It cannot prove eggs protect the heart.
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Iranian study: eggs not linked to heart disease
Mohammadifard N et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35347253 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01118-1Studi kohortpemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaEating eggs 3+ times a week was not linked to heart attacks, strokes or CVD over 12 years.
Middle Eastern cohort: no association of >=3 eggs/week with CVD (HR 1.05, 0.79-1.40).
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Study eggs and CVD in Iran.
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Cohort of 6,504 adults.
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
6,504.
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
No significant associations.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
CVD HR 1.05 (0.79-1.40).
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
In a Middle Eastern population, regular egg eating was not linked to heart disease.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Imprecise estimates.
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Contradicts it regionally.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
Moderate.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
It cannot exclude a small effect.
Tidak ada studi dalam kelompok ini yang ditandai sebagai studi kunci.
Studi dengan hasil campuran atau tidak jelas (2)
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Eggs and heart disease: dose-response review
Godos J et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32865658 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksaModerate egg intake was not linked to more heart disease; a possible higher heart failure risk at 1+ egg/day.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
Is egg consumption associated with CVD, CHD, stroke and heart failure?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with GRADE
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
~2 million; 85,053 CHD, 25,103 stroke, 7,536 HF, 147,124 CVD cases; 39 studies, ~2 million individuals
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
4 eggs/week: CVD SRR 0.95 (0.90-1.00); up to 1 egg/day CVD incidence 0.94 (0.89-0.99); CHD decreased up to 2 eggs/week; stroke no association; heart failure 1 egg/day SRR 1.15 (1.02-1.30). GRADE low for all but stroke (moderate).
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Random-effects dose-response
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Moderation seems fine; very high intake uncertain.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Overlap with other meta-analyses; Low certainty
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Mostly contradicts, with one caveat.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
High.
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Low certainty evidence.
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AHA on dietary cholesterol
Carson JAS et al.. Circulation 2020 · PMID 31838890 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743Pedoman / pernyataan sikappemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunciStudies do not show a clear link between dietary cholesterol and heart disease, but high intakes can raise LDL; focus on overall diet.
Higher egg (and dietary cholesterol) intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (each additional half egg per day: +6% CVD, +8%
Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim
Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah
Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
- Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?
What is the relevance of dietary cholesterol guidance for heart health?
- Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?
Science advisory based on review of human studies
- Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?
Not applicable; General population
- Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?
Observational studies generally do not indicate a significant association with CVD; most intervention meta-analyses associate intakes above current averages with higher total/LDL cholesterol; guidance should focus on healthy dietary patterns.
- Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?
Not applicable
- Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?
Overall diet pattern matters more than counting cholesterol.
- Apa keterbatasan studi ini?
Not a formal systematic review
- Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?
Partly supports (LDL), mostly limits the claim.
- Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?
US body; EU bodies similar in not setting numeric limits [EFSA not fetched].
- Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?
Not a quantitative analysis.
Tidak ada studi dalam kelompok ini yang ditandai sebagai studi kunci.
Konteks wilayah
Jerman / UE
European cohorts in the BMJ 2020 meta-analysis showed no association (RR 1.05, 0.92-1.19). The AHA (US) no longer sets a numeric cholesterol limit but recommends dietary patterns naturally low in cholesterol. [The German DGE position was not fetched for this review.]
Mesir
No Egyptian cohort data were found. A 12-year Iranian cohort (I-EGG-111) and the multinational PURE study, including middle-income countries (I-EGG-02), show no increased risk at moderate intake; Asian cohorts in Zhao 2022 show no association (RR 0.96).
- Antibiotic (veterinary drug) residues in poultry meat and eggs
- Antimicrobial use in food animals and antibiotic growth promoters
- Salmonella in laying hens, eggs and broiler chicken
- Dioxins, PCBs and PFAS in eggs and other animal foods
- Import controls and the meaning of RASFF notifications for Egyptian products
Apa yang berlaku di negara saya?
Penilaian ilmiah umum
Sebagian besar salah Asupan telur yang moderat tidak secara konsisten dikaitkan dengan lebih banyak penyakit jantung atau kematian; hubungan kecil terutama muncul dalam studi di Amerika Serikat, sehingga satu-satunya studi Amerika Serikat yang dikutip arsip tidak mewakili bukti secara keseluruhan maupun regional.
Bidang keamanan pangan berikut relevan dengan pernyataan ini:
- Obat hewan dan antibiotik
- Cemaran (logam berat, PFAS, PCB, dioksin, nitrat)
- Patogen (Salmonella, Campylobacter, dll.)
- Peternakan dan pakan
- Pengawasan, impor, penarikan produk, pelabelan
Telur
Pilih negara untuk melihat informasi yang telah diperiksa untuk negara tersebut.
Batasan: aturan hukum menggambarkan apa yang diizinkan, bukan apa yang terkandung dalam setiap makanan. Data pengukuran berasal dari sampel dan hanya bermakna bersama rincian metodenya.
Negara tempat tinggal atau pembelian Bandingkan dengan negara lain
Referensi
- Associations of Dietary Cholesterol or Egg Consumption With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.. Zhong VW et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 30874756 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.1572
- Meta-regression analysis of the effects of dietary cholesterol intake on LDL and HDL cholesterol.. Vincent MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30596814 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy273
- Associations of Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Egg Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis.. Zhao B et al.. Circulation 2022 · PMID 35360933 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642
- Association of Egg Consumption with Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.. Ma W et al.. J Nutr 2022 · PMID 35524693 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxac105
- Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: three large prospective US cohort studies, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis.. Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32132002 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m513
- Association of egg intake with blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 177,000 people in 50 countries.. Dehghan M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31965140 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz348
- Associations of egg consumption with cardiovascular disease in a cohort study of 0.5 million Chinese adults.. Qin C et al.. Heart 2018 · PMID 29785957 · DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312651
- Egg Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies.. Mousavi SM et al.. Adv Nutr 2022 · PMID 35396834 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmac040
- Association Between Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Krittanawong C et al.. Am J Med 2021 · PMID 32653422 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.046
- Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular events among Iranians: results from Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS).. Mohammadifard N et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35347253 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01118-1
- Egg consumption and cardiovascular risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Godos J et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32865658 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7
- Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association.. Carson JAS et al.. Circulation 2020 · PMID 31838890 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743