不明确 / 证据不足研究不足证据确定性: 极低初步 C-RES-04

肉牛被注射激素（睾酮/雄激素、"Boldex"——推测是勃地酮）和抗生素来育肥，因此这种肉是"打过针的"。

简而言之: 就埃及而言，这一说法无法评判：激素埋植剂在美国等一些国家可合法用于肉牛，在欧盟则被禁止，但关于埃及牛使用激素或勃地酮的情况，没有可靠数据；根据一项调查，埃及养殖场（包括养牛场）普遍使用抗生素。

结论: 激素埋植剂在一些国家可合法用于肉牛（欧盟不允许）；对埃及而言没有可靠数据。

原始表述
科学评估
科学证据详解
通俗解释
与该说法相关的研究
地区背景
在我的国家适用什么？
参考文献

原始表述

بتحنوا العجول ايه تتخنها كده اندروجين صح بتحنوها هرمونات تستسترون ذكوره صح

按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。

译文

肉牛被注射激素（睾酮/雄激素、"Boldex"——推测是勃地酮）和抗生素来育肥，因此这种肉是"打过针的"。

出处

来源状态: 视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属: Elawady (machine transcript)
视频: Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! مصدر الغذاء الوريد البابي (打开来源)
发布日期: 2025年7月27日
时间戳: 0:49:58 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性: Elawady asks a guest (named as a cattle-farm owner) leading questions; 'بتحنوا' is a likely transcription of 'بتحقنوا' (you inject).

所声称的机制: Anabolic steroids and antibiotics as growth promoters.
所声称的健康影响: Contaminated meat.
涉及人群: Consumers (Egypt)
Elawady 设定的地域限制: Speaks about local practice; no explicit restriction.

来源版本存在差异

اللحمه البقري فيها مشكله يا شيري جرجس ما انا هتكلم عن اللحمه دلوقتي لان انا محقونه حاجه اسمها بولدكس

来源状态: 视频转录文本（本人原话）
归属: Elawady (machine transcript)
视频: Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! الأكل وراء كل مشاكلك (打开来源)
发布日期: 2025年7月20日
时间戳: 0:18:36 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
归属的不确定性: Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps; 'published' is the date listed by the archive. Passage read in context.

科学评估

不明确 / 证据不足 – 现有数据无法支持任何方向的评估。

证据确定性: 极低 – 任何评估都非常不确定。

1. 说法是什么？

Cattle are injected with hormones and antibiotics for fattening.

2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？

Hormonal growth promoters are used legally in beef cattle in several countries: in the USA, FDA has approved steroid hormone implants (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, zeranol) for beef cattle and sheep (I-CHK-119); a review lists further countries where use is permitted (I-RES-110). The EU prohibits them (I-RES-02). Antibiotics were used as growth promoters until banned in the EU in 2006 (I-RES-04), and a survey found non-therapeutic antibiotic use on 65% of Egyptian farms, including cattle farms (I-CHK-117).

3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？

For the EU the claim is not applicable: hormones for growth promotion are prohibited (I-RES-02); vet-drug residue non-compliance was 0.11% (I-RES-07). For Egypt, the extent is undocumented in the literature read; the single Egyptian hormone-residue study (I-RES-09) has major methodological limits.

4. 哪些内容仍不明确？

Prevalence of illegal anabolic use in Egyptian cattle.

5. 哪些研究支持该说法？

I-CHK-119 (legal practice in the USA), I-RES-110 (legal in several countries), I-CHK-117 (antibiotic use on Egyptian farms), I-RES-09 (weak Egyptian ELISA data).

6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？

I-RES-02, I-RES-04, I-RES-07 (EU).

7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？

Not applicable to legal EU production.

8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？

Data lacking; I-RES-09 calls for monitoring because no national limits are set.

9. 合理的实际结论是什么？

埃及存在数据空白；并非已证实的健康影响。

评估详情

证据确定性的依据: No peer-reviewed data on boldenone or other anabolic steroid residues in Egyptian beef were found in PubMed; one Egyptian ELISA study (n=56 beef, 92 chicken) reported estradiol and testosterone levels it judged above acceptable intakes, but ELISA cannot distinguish natural hormones from administered ones and the study is small.
来源质量: Anecdotal, leading questions to a guest.
地区可推广性: In the EU, hormonal growth promoters are prohibited (Directive 96/22/EC) and antibiotic growth promoters were banned from 1 January 2006 (Reg. 1831/2003).
说法的地域范围: 针对埃及
最近审核: 2026年10月26日初步

科学证据详解

研究不足 – 研究太少，无法判断该说法是对是错。

研究问题: Are beef cattle (particularly in Egypt) treated with anabolic hormones such as boldenone/testosterone and with antibiotics for fattening, and do residues occur in meat?

研究问题详解 (PECO)

人群

Beef cattle and beef consumers

干预或暴露

Anabolic hormones and antibiotics for fattening

对照

No use (legal bans)

地域范围

production-dependent (legal in USA and others; banned in EU; Egypt undocumented)

结局指标

legal status
documented practice
residues in meat

研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。

哪些证据支持该说法？

US: hormone implants allowed in beef cattle, not in poultry

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA web page 2024 指南 / 立场声明已核查全文新增

FDA regulatory page.

实际结果
Steroid hormone implants (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, zeranol) approved for beef cattle and sheep in the USA.
方法学质量
high (regulatory)
相关性
direct for the USA; indirect for Egypt
局限
US only.

原始文献
Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA)

Kamaly HF & Sharkawy AA. Food Chem Toxicol 2023 · PMID 37956705 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114172 检测 / 残留研究已核查摘要

Egyptian ELISA study of hormone residues in chicken and cattle meat (Assiut).

实际结果
Estradiol intake above ADI in almost all samples (authors); no Egyptian limits.
方法学质量
low (ELISA; natural vs administered not distinguishable)
相关性
direct for Egypt but weak
局限
Small sample, screening method.

原始文献

哪些证据不支持该说法？

EU veterinary drug residues 2023

EFSA. EFSA news 2025 检测 / 残留研究已核查摘要

EU veterinary residue monitoring 2023.

实际结果
0.11% non-compliant samples.
方法学质量
high
相关性
direct for EU
局限
Not Egypt.

原始文献
EU hormone ban in livestock

Council of the EU. Official Journal of the EC 1996 指南 / 立场声明已核查摘要

EU Directive 96/22/EC.

实际结果
Hormonal growth promoters prohibited in the EU.
方法学质量
high (law)
相关性
direct for EU
局限
Article text not extracted in earlier phase.

原始文献

总体证据说明了什么？

基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。

哪种观点有更好的证据支持？

Hormone implants for cattle fattening are legal and common in some countries (e.g. USA), banned in the EU; for Egypt there are no reliable data on use or residues, and boldenone use is undocumented.

为什么有些研究权重更大

Regulatory sources are clear by country; Egyptian evidence consists of one ELISA study and farm antibiotic-use survey data (I-CHK-117, which includes cattle farms).

因果关系是否已确立？ 不适用 Practice question.

仍存在的不确定性

Illegal anabolic use in Egyptian cattle; residue levels.

合理的结论

Unclear for Egypt; true for some countries' legal practice; not applicable to legal EU production.

这是否取决于国家？

一般生物学效应: Anabolic effects of steroids in cattle are established.
饮食习惯: Not relevant.
食品原产地: Imported beef from countries allowing implants may contain approved hormone residues within limits.
污染物: Natural hormones in meat complicate screening.
本国生产条件: Egypt: NFSA lists Codex limits for trenbolone, zeranol, ractopamine; authorisation of use undocumented (the project's research files).
法律规则: EU: banned; USA: approved for beef cattle and sheep.
实际监测数据: No Egyptian confirmatory monitoring.

足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。

统计复核

Recalculation possible? – No: abstract gives no concentrations; ELISA screening cannot separate endogenous hormones. 无法根据已发表数据重新计算

总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）

主要结局

Anabolic hormone use in Egyptian beef cattle

起始等级

低（观察性研究）

降级理由

indirectness
imprecision
risk of bias (screening method)

结果

极低

由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。

已核查的临床指南和官方声明

FDA: Steroid Hormone Implants Used for Growth in Food-Producing Animals (2024) · 原始文献
Steroid hormone implants are approved for beef cattle and sheep; none are approved for growth in dairy cows, veal calves, pigs or poultry.
EU: Council Directive 96/22/EC (hormonal substances and beta-agonists in stockfarming), as recorded in the project's research files (RS-EU-15) (1996) · 原始文献无法获取；内容未采用

检索策略

本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。

数据库	日期	检索式	检索目标	命中数
Europe PMC	2026年10月26日	`(boldenone OR trenbolone OR "anabolic steroid" OR "anabolic steroids" OR testosterone OR estradiol OR zeranol) AND (Egypt OR Egyptian) AND (meat OR beef OR cattle OR bovine) AND (residue OR residues)`	双向	615
PubMed	2026年10月26日	`(boldenone[tiab] OR trenbolone[tiab] OR zeranol[tiab] OR anabolic[tiab]) AND (residue[tiab]) AND (Egypt[tiab] OR Arab[tiab] OR Saudi[tiab] OR Iraq[tiab])`	支持性证据	3
Europe PMC	2026年10月26日	`TITLE:boldenone AND (cattle OR bovine OR calves OR meat OR urine)`	支持性证据	72
Web search	2026年10月26日	`FDA steroid hormone implants used for growth in food-producing animals`	双向	9

待解决的问题

LC-MS/MS survey of anabolic residues in Egyptian beef; market availability of boldenone for cattle.

核查深度如何？

7 项相关研究：1 项核查了全文（其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），6 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。

最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日

评定结论的变更历史

2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 不明确 / 证据不足 (极低)
2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 不明确 / 证据不足 (极低)
The FDA source confirms that hormone implants in beef cattle are a real, legal practice in some countries, and a review notes wide legal use outside the EU; for Egypt, the subject of the claim, no new data were found. Verdict unchanged; review text updated to acknowledge the correct general part.
新来源: I-CHK-119 I-RES-110

通俗解释

Elawady 医生说，牛被注射雄性激素和抗生素以促进生长。在欧盟，育肥用激素被禁止，抗生素作为促生长剂自 2006 年起也被禁止。关于埃及，几乎没有可靠数据。一项小型埃及研究报告肉中激素水平很高，但其方法无法区分天然激素和外加激素。

与该说法相关的研究

支持该说法的研究 (2)

Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA)

Kamaly HF & Sharkawy AA. Food Chem Toxicol 2023 · PMID 37956705 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114172

检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要

A small study reported high hormone levels, but its method cannot tell natural from added hormones.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？不明确 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
Measure hormones.
研究是如何开展的？
ELISA.
研究了多少人、动物或样本？
148 samples.
实际发现了什么？
High estimated intake.
观察到的效应有多大？
HI > 1.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Data gap in Egypt.
该研究有哪些局限？
Weak method.
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Unclear.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Low.
从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Illegal use.
科学细节 →
US: hormone implants allowed in beef cattle, not in poultry

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA web page 2024

指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文

FDA approves hormone implants for beef cattle and sheep, but none for poultry or pigs.

In the USA, beef cattle legally receive steroid hormone implants (incl. testosterone, trenbolone, zeranol); this confirms the practice exists in some countries, not in Egypt.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
For which food-producing animals are steroid hormone growth implants approved in the USA?
研究是如何开展的？
Regulatory agency information page
研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable
实际发现了什么？
FDA 'has approved a number of steroid hormone drugs for use in beef cattle and sheep', including natural estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and synthetic versions such as trenbolone acetate and zeranol. 'No steroid hormone implants are approved for growth purposes in dairy cows, veal calves, pigs, or poultry.' FDA sets acceptable safe limits for hormones in meat.
观察到的效应有多大？
FDA 'has approved a number of steroid hormone drugs for use in beef cattle and sheep', including natural estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and synthetic versions such as trenbolone acetate and zeranol. 'No steroid hormone implants are approved for growth purposes in dairy cows, veal calves, pigs, or poultry.' FDA sets acceptable safe limits for hormones in meat.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Hormones are a real practice in US beef, but not in chicken.
该研究有哪些局限？
US-specific
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports the broiler statement; partly supports hormone use in cattle (other countries).
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
EU bans hormonal growth promoters (Directive 96/22/EC, I-RES-02).
从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Says nothing about illegal use in other countries.
科学细节 →

与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (3)

EU hormone ban in livestock

Council of the EU. Official Journal of the EC 1996

指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查摘要

The EU prohibits hormonal growth promoters in farm animals.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？不明确 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
Ban hormones.
研究是如何开展的？
Directive.
实际发现了什么？
Prohibition.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
No legal hormone fattening in EU.
该研究有哪些局限？
Title only read.
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts claim for EU.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
科学细节 →
EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters

European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2003

指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查摘要

Since 1 January 2006, antibiotics may not be used as growth promoters in EU animal feed.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？不明确 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
Ban growth promoters.
研究是如何开展的？
Regulation.
实际发现了什么？
Ban from 2006.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
No legal antibiotic fattening in EU.
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Context.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
科学细节 →
EU veterinary drug residues 2023

EFSA. EFSA news 2025

检测 / 残留研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要

Only 0.11% of over half a million samples were non-compliant.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
Monitor vet residues.
研究是如何开展的？
EU plans.
研究了多少人、动物或样本？
548,194 samples.
实际发现了什么？
0.11% non-compliant.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Rare violations in EU.
该研究有哪些局限？
News page only.
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts 'contaminated meat' for EU.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
科学细节 →

结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)

Hormones for fattening cattle: legal in some countries, banned in the EU

Skoupa K et al.. Animals (Basel) 2022 · PMID 36009705 · DOI 10.3390/ani12162115

叙述性综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要

Anabolic steroids are permitted for fattening in countries such as the USA and Australia but banned in the EU.

Confirms that anabolic hormones are used in cattle fattening in several countries (legal there), banned in the EU; gives no Egyptian data.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
How are anabolic steroids used in fattening animals, what are their effects and how are they detected?
研究是如何开展的？
Narrative review
研究了多少人、动物或样本？
not applicable
实际发现了什么？
States that in many countries (USA, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia and other large meat producers) use of steroids is permitted, whereas the EU strictly bans anabolic steroids in fattening animals; illegal 'cocktails' at very low concentrations are hard to detect.
观察到的效应有多大？
States that in many countries (USA, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia and other large meat producers) use of steroids is permitted, whereas the EU strictly bans anabolic steroids in fattening animals; illegal 'cocktails' at very low concentrations are hard to detect.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Whether beef comes from hormone-treated cattle depends on the country.
该研究有哪些局限？
Narrative review; non-systematic; Health effects described are those of abuse doses in humans
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports that the practice exists; does not show it in Egypt.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
EU bans the practice (Directive 96/22/EC).
从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
No residue or Egyptian data.
科学细节 →
Egyptian farms report routine antibiotic use, often without medical need

ElSayed N et al.. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2025 · PMID 39828782 · DOI 10.1186/s42506-024-00180-w

横断面研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要

All 111 farms used antibiotics; 65% also used them for prevention or growth.

Documents routine antibiotic use on Egyptian farms including cattle farms (antibiotic part of the claim); gives no data on hormones.

该研究是否支持这一具体说法？是 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估

原始文献 · 科学细节

研究通俗解读
研究人员想了解什么？
What antimicrobials are used on Egyptian animal farms, for what purposes, and why?
研究是如何开展的？
Cross-sectional survey of farm personnel
研究了多少人、动物或样本？
111 of 150 farms (74% response)
实际发现了什么？
All surveyed personnel reported antimicrobial use; 65% used them for non-therapeutic purposes (prevention or growth promotion). Non-therapeutic use had no impact on FCR in any farm type. Most used: penicillins 81%, macrolides 78%, tetracyclines 72%. Half used colistin; 55% of these non-therapeutically.
观察到的效应有多大？
All surveyed personnel reported antimicrobial use; 65% used them for non-therapeutic purposes (prevention or growth promotion). Non-therapeutic use had no impact on FCR in any farm type. Most used: penicillins 81%, macrolides 78%, tetracyclines 72%. Half used colistin; 55% of these non-therapeutically.
研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
In Egypt, routine antibiotic use in animals is common.
该研究有哪些局限？
Self-report; Farms selected from a private platform list; Small sample
它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports 'routine antibiotics' for Egypt.
研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Not applicable to the EU (growth promoters banned since 2006).
从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Not representative of all Egyptian farms.
科学细节 →

地区背景

德国 / 欧盟

Not applicable to legal EU production.

埃及

Data lacking; I-RES-09 calls for monitoring because no national limits are set.

在我的国家适用什么？

一般科学评估

不明确 / 证据不足激素埋植剂在一些国家可合法用于肉牛（欧盟不允许）；对埃及而言没有可靠数据。

以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：

农药与农药残留
兽药与抗生素
激素类促生长剂
污染物（重金属、PFAS、PCB、二噁英、硝酸盐）
病原体（沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌等）

蛋类 · 禽类 · 乳制品 · 鱼类与海产品 · 红肉 · 水果与蔬菜

选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。

局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。

居住或购买所在国与另一个国家比较

参考文献

Hormonal residues in chicken and cattle meat: A risk threat the present and future consumer health.. Kamaly HF & Sharkawy AA. Food Chem Toxicol 2023 · PMID 37956705 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114172
FDA: Steroid Hormone Implants Used for Growth in Food-Producing Animals (content current as of 24 October 2024). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA web page 2024
Council Directive 96/22/EC concerning the prohibition on the use in stockfarming of certain substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action and of beta-agonists. Council of the EU. Official Journal of the EC 1996
Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition, Article 11. European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2003
Report for 2023 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products (EFSA news: 'Veterinary drug residues in food - non-compliance stays low in 2023'). EFSA. EFSA news 2025
Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals-A Review.. Skoupa K et al.. Animals (Basel) 2022 · PMID 36009705 · DOI 10.3390/ani12162115
Antimicrobial use in animal farms in Egypt: rates, patterns, and determinants.. ElSayed N et al.. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2025 · PMID 39828782 · DOI 10.1186/s42506-024-00180-w

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肉牛被注射激素（睾酮/雄激素、"Boldex"——推测是勃地酮）和抗生素来育肥，因此这种肉是"打过针的"。

原始表述

译文

出处

来源版本存在差异

科学评估

1. 说法是什么？

2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？

3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？

4. 哪些内容仍不明确？

5. 哪些研究支持该说法？

6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？

7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？

8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？

9. 合理的实际结论是什么？

评估详情

科学证据详解

哪些证据支持该说法？

US: hormone implants allowed in beef cattle, not in poultry

Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA)

哪些证据不支持该说法？

EU veterinary drug residues 2023

EU hormone ban in livestock

总体证据说明了什么？

哪种观点有更好的证据支持？

为什么有些研究权重更大

仍存在的不确定性

合理的结论

待解决的问题

核查深度如何？

通俗解释

与该说法相关的研究

支持该说法的研究 (2)

Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA)

US: hormone implants allowed in beef cattle, not in poultry

与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (3)

EU hormone ban in livestock

EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters

EU veterinary drug residues 2023

结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)

Hormones for fattening cattle: legal in some countries, banned in the EU

Egyptian farms report routine antibiotic use, often without medical need

地区背景

德国 / 欧盟

埃及

在我的国家适用什么？

一般科学评估

参考文献