含糖软饮料提供的是不能满足饥饿感的液体热量，因此会促使儿童和成人体重增加。
原始表述
المشروبات الغازية — السكرية منها والدايت — تُحمِّل الجسم سعرات سائلة لا تُشبع
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
含糖软饮料提供的是不能满足饥饿感的液体热量，因此会促使儿童和成人体重增加。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (study selection and narrative are the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/soda/
- 归属的不确定性
- The archive homepage states that the forbidden-food section is supported by research 'independently of Dr. Diaa's words'. No evidence was found that Elawady himself cited these studies.
- 所声称的机制
Weak dietary compensation for liquid calories.
- 所声称的健康影响
Weight gain, obesity.
- 涉及人群
Children and adults
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
科学评估
基本正确 – 核心内容正确，但有局限或细微不准确之处。
证据确定性: 中 – 进一步研究仍可能影响该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
Liquid sugar calories do not satisfy and cause weight gain.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
Malik 2013 (A-SOD-20): cohorts show weight gain per daily serving and RCTs in adults adding SSB showed +0.85 kg (95% CI 0.50-1.20). Te Morenga 2012 (I-SUG-01): reducing sugars reduced weight by 0.80 kg in ad libitum trials. DiMeglio 2000 (A-SOD-21): in 15 people, energy from soda was not compensated whereas energy from jelly beans was.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
The summary sentence groups diet sodas with sugary ones under 'liquid calories'; diet sodas provide almost no energy. Te Morenga found no weight change when sugars were exchanged isoenergetically for other carbohydrates, so the effect works through extra energy intake rather than a unique property of sugar.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
Long-term size of the satiety effect; the DiMeglio trial is very small.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
Isoenergetic exchange trials (I-SUG-01) show no weight effect when total calories are held constant.
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
The WHO guideline (2015) on free sugars and EFSA's 2022 opinion (intake of added and free sugars 'as low as possible') apply in Germany and the EU; the European EPIC cohort (A-SOD-17) found associations in 10 European countries including Germany.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are widely sold in Egypt. No Egypt-specific study was reviewed for this claim; the physiological mechanisms and cohort findings are not known to differ by country, but absolute risks depend on local consumption and disease rates.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
用水代替含糖饮料，是控制体重的合理一步。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
RCTs in adults (adding SSB increases weight) and in children (reducing SSB reduces BMI gain), plus consistent cohorts; WHO rates the evidence for free sugars and body weight as basis for a strong recommendation. Mechanistic evidence on poor satiety of liquid calories rests on few small trials.
- 来源质量
Archive studies are relevant and correctly summarised; the claim that diet sodas also 'load liquid calories' is incorrect (diet sodas are essentially calorie-free).
- 地区可推广性
High.
- 个体例外情况
Effect sizes per serving are modest (about 0.1-0.2 kg/year per daily serving in cohorts); large differences arise with high habitual intake.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
有充分科学证据支持 – 该说法与一致的高质量证据相符。
研究问题: Do sugar-sweetened soft drinks promote weight gain in children and adults, partly because liquid calories are poorly compensated?
研究问题详解 (PICO)
- 人群
- Children and adults
- 干预或暴露
- SSB
- 对照
- Non-caloric beverages or reduced SSB
- 地域范围
- universal
- 结局指标
- Body weight/BMI
- Energy compensation
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
Sugar drinks made children gain more weight
Double-blind 18-month RCT in 641 children: masked sugar-free drinks reduced weight gain by about 1 kg versus sugar drinks.
- 实际结果
- BMI z diff CI -0.21 to -0.05; weight +6.35 vs +7.37 kg.
- 方法学质量
- high (blinded RCT)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- 26% discontinued.
Sugar and body weight: trials and cohorts
Meta-analysis of RCTs: adding sugars increases weight in adults eating freely.
- 实际结果
- +0.75 kg (0.30-1.19).
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Energy-mediated.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
Cutting sugary drinks helped teenagers' weight for one year
RCT in adolescents: reducing SSB lowered weight gain at 1 year but not at the 2-year primary endpoint.
- 实际结果
- BMI -0.3 at 2 years (P=0.46).
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Effect not sustained.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
Sugary drinks cause extra weight gain; masked RCTs show incomplete compensation for liquid sugar.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Blinded RCT plus RCT meta-analyses outweigh mechanistic studies.
因果关系是否已确立？ 是，已确立 Randomised evidence in children and adults.
仍存在的不确定性
Long-term persistence and size in adults.
合理的结论
Well supported.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
Ebbeling 2012 vs de Ruyter 2012: unblinded behavioural intervention with fading adherence versus masked beverage replacement; they answer different questions (programme effectiveness vs biological effect).
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Recalculated differences vs reported CIs – BMI z -0.13 and weight -1.02 kg match CI midpoints (-0.13; -1.01) 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- Body weight with SSB
- 起始等级
- 高（随机试验）
- 降级理由
- indirectness (mechanism of satiety)
- 结果
- 中
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- WHO: Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children (2015), publication page and news release (I-SUG-05) (2015) · 原始文献
Reduce free sugars to <10% of energy (strong); further reduction to <5% (~25 g) conditional. Free sugars include sugars added by manufacturer, cook or consumer and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and concentrates (news release https://www.who.int/news/item/04-03-2015-who-calls-on-countries-to-reduce-sugars-intake-among-adults-and-children, fetched 2026-10-26). - ADA: 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2026 (Diabetes Care 2026;49 Suppl 1:S89-S131; I-INTC-03) (2026) · 原始文献
Rec. 5.14: minimise sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, refined grains, processed and ultra-processed foods. Rec. 5.21: encourage water over other beverages (A). Rec. 5.22: nonnutritive sweeteners can replace sugar-sweetened products if consumed in moderation and for the short term (B). Rec. 5.25: replace sugar-sweetened beverages (including any juices) with water or low/no-calorie beverages and minimise foods with added sugar (B).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (de Ruyter JC[au] OR Ebbeling CB[au]) AND sugar-sweetened beverages AND N Engl J Med[ta] | 双向 | 3 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("sugar-sweetened beverages") AND ("body weight" OR adiposity OR BMI) AND ("randomized controlled trials" OR "randomised controlled trials") AND ("meta-analysis") AND PUB_YEAR:[2019 TO 2026] | 双向 | 1228 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | ("liquid calories" OR "beverage energy" OR "liquid versus solid" OR "liquid and solid") AND (compensation OR satiety OR "energy intake") AND ("meta-analysis" OR "systematic review") | 双向 | 463 |
待解决的问题
None material.
核查深度如何？
9 项相关研究：1 项核查了全文（其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），8 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
通俗解释
喝含糖软饮料会增加热量，而人们通常不会通过少吃来抵消这些热量。试验显示，增加含糖饮料会使体重增加，而去掉含糖饮料有助于防止体重增加。这种效应来自额外的热量。无糖汽水不含这些热量，因此这一论点不适用于它们。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (8)
-
Sugary drinks and child obesity
Ludwig DS et al.. Lancet 2001 · PMID 11229668 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04041-1队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Each extra daily sugary drink was linked with higher BMI and 60% higher odds of obesity.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Is SSB consumption related to obesity in children?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Prospective observational study of schoolchildren over 19 months.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
548; Schoolchildren aged ~11.7 y
- 实际发现了什么？
Per additional serving: BMI +0.24 kg/m2 (0.10-0.39); obesity OR 1.60 (1.14-2.24); baseline intake and BMI change +0.18 kg/m2 per daily serving (0.09-0.27).
- 观察到的效应有多大？
OR 1.60 per serving
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Sugary drinks may contribute to child weight gain.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Small sample; Short follow-up; Observational design; residual confounding possible; Self-reported dietary intake
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports C-SOD-02.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation.
-
Sugary drinks, weight and diabetes in 91,000 women
Schulze MB et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 15328324 · DOI 10.1001/jama.292.8.927队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Women drinking one or more sugary drinks daily had 83% higher diabetes risk; fruit punch similar.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Are SSB associated with weight change and T2D in women?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Prospective cohort (NHS II) 1991-1999.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
91,249 (diabetes); 51,603 (weight); 741 T2D cases; Women aged young/middle-aged
- 实际发现了什么？
Increasing SSB to >=1/day: 4.69 and 4.20 kg weight gain over 4 years vs 1.34 and 0.15 kg in decreasers; >=1 SSB/day T2D RR 1.83 (1.42-2.36); fruit punch RR 2.00 (1.33-3.03).
- 观察到的效应有多大？
RR 1.83 (1.42-2.36)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Sugary drinks, including fruit punch, are linked with weight gain and diabetes.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational design; residual confounding possible; Self-reported dietary intake
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation.
-
Sugary drinks and weight gain: meta-analysis
Malik VS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23966427 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362Meta分析被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Adding sugary drinks increased adult weight by about 0.85 kg in trials; cohorts show weight gain per serving.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Do SSBs promote weight gain?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohorts and RCTs.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
32 articles (cohorts n=25,745 children/174,252 adults; RCTs n=2,772/292); Children and adults
- 实际发现了什么？
Cohorts: per daily serving BMI +0.06 (children) and +0.22 kg/year (adults, random effects); RCTs: children BMI -0.17 (-0.39 to 0.05) with reduction; adults +0.85 kg (0.50-1.20) with SSB addition.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
+0.85 kg (RCTs adults)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Sugary drinks add weight.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Child RCT estimate imprecise (random effects CI crosses 0); Overlap with other reviews
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports C-SOD-02.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Long-term size of effect.
-
Soda calories vs jelly-bean calories
DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10878689 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要People ate less to balance jelly-bean calories but not soda calories, and gained weight only with soda.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Do liquid and solid carbohydrate loads differ in dietary compensation?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Crossover feeding study (4-week periods).
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
15; Healthy adults (7 men, 8 women)
- 实际发现了什么？
Solid: compensation 118%; liquid: -17%; body weight and BMI increased only during liquid period.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Compensation 118% vs -17%
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Liquid sugar calories are less filling.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Very small; Randomisation not described in abstract
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports C-SOD-02.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Long-term effect.
-
Sweetened drinks dose-response
Qin P et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2020 · PMID 32529512 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-020-00655-yMeta分析被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Each extra 250 mL/day of sugary drinks was linked with 12-19% higher risks of obesity and diabetes; diet drinks showed similar links.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Dose-response of SSB/ASB with obesity, T2D, hypertension, mortality.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
39 articles; Adults
- 实际发现了什么？
Per 250 mL/day SSB vs ASB: obesity RR 1.12 vs 1.21; T2D 1.19 vs 1.15; hypertension 1.10 vs 1.08; all-cause mortality 1.04 vs 1.06 (with I2 up to 92.6%).
- 观察到的效应有多大？
T2D RR 1.19 per 250 mL/d (SSB)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
More sweetened drinks, more risk in observational data.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
High heterogeneity; Cohorts only; Reverse causation for ASB
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Causation, especially for diet drinks.
-
Sugar and body weight: trials and cohorts
Te Morenga L et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 23321486 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e7492Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Eating more sugar increased body weight and eating less reduced it, through extra calories.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Is intake of dietary sugars associated with body weight?
- 研究是如何开展的？
Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (>=2 weeks) and cohorts (>=1 year), Cochrane/GRADE methods (WHO-commissioned per literature; not stated in abstract).
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
30 trials; 38 cohorts; Adults and children
- 实际发现了什么？
Adults ad libitum: reduced sugars -0.80 kg (0.39-1.21); increased sugars +0.75 kg (0.30-1.19); isoenergetic exchange 0.04 kg (-0.04 to 0.13). Children: SSB highest vs lowest OR 1.55 (1.32-1.82) for overweight at 1 year.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
-0.80 kg with reduction; +0.75 kg with increase
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
More sugar means more weight for most people.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Heterogeneity in one analysis; Child trials low compliance
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Effects in isoenergetic diets (none found).
-
WHO sugar guideline
World Health Organization. WHO news release 2015指南 / 立场声明独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究WHO recommends keeping free sugars, including honey and juice sugars, below 10% of energy.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Recommended limit for free sugars.
- 研究是如何开展的？
International guideline (news release read in full).
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Not applicable; Adults and children
- 实际发现了什么？
Free sugars <10% of total energy (strong recommendation); further reduction <5% (~25 g, 6 teaspoons) conditional. Free sugars include sugars added by manufacturer, cook or consumer and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates; not sugars in fresh fruit, vegetables or milk. A can of sugar-sweetened soda contains up to 40 g free sugars.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
<10% energy (strong); <5% (conditional)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Honey, juices and table sugar all count.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Conditional recommendation for <5%
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Applies globally including EU and Egypt.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Not applicable.
-
Sugar drinks made children gain more weight
de Ruyter JC et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998340 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203034随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究In an 18-month blinded trial, Dutch children given one sugary drink a day gained about 1 kg more than children given an identical-tasting sugar-free drink.
Sugar drinks caused ~1 kg more weight gain over 18 months versus masked sugar-free drinks.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test whether replacing sugary drinks with sugar-free drinks reduces weight gain in children.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Children received one can a day of either drink for 18 months without knowing which.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
641 Dutch school children.
- 实际发现了什么？
Less weight and fat gain with sugar-free drinks.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Weight difference about -1.0 kg; BMI z -0.13.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Liquid sugar adds weight because children do not eat less to compensate.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Many children stopped drinking; sensitivity analysis borderline.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports the claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Directly European.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot speak to adults or long-term disease.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (0)
该组中没有研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (1)
-
Cutting sugary drinks helped teenagers' weight for one year
Ebbeling CB et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998339 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203388随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要Overweight teenagers who replaced sugary drinks gained less weight during the one-year programme, but the difference was gone a year later.
Weight benefit at 1 year, not at 2 years.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Test whether reducing sugary drinks slows weight gain in teenagers.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Randomised trial with free non-caloric drinks delivered home for a year.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
224 overweight teenagers.
- 实际发现了什么？
Less weight gain at 1 year; no difference at 2 years.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Weight -1.9 kg at 1 year.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Reducing sugary drinks helps while it is maintained.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Effect did not last after the programme.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Partly supports the claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot show lasting benefit.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
The WHO guideline (2015) on free sugars and EFSA's 2022 opinion (intake of added and free sugars 'as low as possible') apply in Germany and the EU; the European EPIC cohort (A-SOD-17) found associations in 10 European countries including Germany.
埃及
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks are widely sold in Egypt. No Egypt-specific study was reviewed for this claim; the physiological mechanisms and cohort findings are not known to differ by country, but absolute risks depend on local consumption and disease rates.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
基本正确 含糖饮料通过额外的热量促使体重增加；该档案网站说法中的这一部分有充分支持。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：
- 添加剂与加工
蜂蜜、糖、甜食
选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis.. Ludwig DS et al.. Lancet 2001 · PMID 11229668 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04041-1
- Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women.. Schulze MB et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 15328324 · DOI 10.1001/jama.292.8.927
- Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Malik VS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23966427 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362
- Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight.. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10878689 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229
- Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.. Qin P et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2020 · PMID 32529512 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-020-00655-y
- Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.. Te Morenga L et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 23321486 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e7492
- WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children (Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children, 2015) — news release. World Health Organization. WHO news release 2015
- A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.. de Ruyter JC et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998340 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203034
- A randomized trial of sugar-sweetened beverages and adolescent body weight.. Ebbeling CB et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998339 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203388