复合维生素、铁、叶酸、B6、镁、锌和铜补充剂会增加死亡率,而叶酸(与 B12 合用)会增加癌症。
原始表述
وفي دراسة Iowa Women's Health ارتبط استعمال المتعددات والحديد والنحاس وحمض الفوليك بزيادة الوفيات على مدى 22 سنة.
非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
复合维生素、铁、叶酸、B6、镁、锌和铜补充剂会增加死亡率,而叶酸(与 B12 合用)会增加癌症。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com); not verified as Elawady's own words
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/oral-supplements/
- 归属的不确定性
- Written by the archive operators; study selection is the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's.
- 所声称的机制
Not specified.
- 所声称的健康影响
Higher total mortality; cancer.
- 涉及人群
Older women (Iowa); patients with heart disease (Norway).
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
科学评估
可能错误 – 现有证据倾向于不支持该说法,但尚无定论。
证据确定性: 中 – 进一步研究仍可能影响该评估。
1. 说法是什么?
Common vitamin/mineral pills increase death and cancer.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?
Iowa (A-SUP-06): multivitamins HR 1.06 (1.02–1.10), iron HR 1.10, folic acid HR 1.15 (1.00–1.32), copper HR 1.45 – associations in older women. This is weak, hypothesis-generating support: several associations (B6, folic acid, magnesium, zinc) would not meet the authors' own Bonferroni threshold (P=0.0033), some changed direction with lifestyle adjustment, the authors caution against causal interpretation, and the most robust signal is for iron; no folic acid/B12-cancer analysis is reported. Ebbing 2009: folic acid + B12 associated with more cancer (HR 1.21) in Norwegian heart patients.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?
Associations from self-reported cohort data cannot show harm; supplement users differ from non-users (e.g. taking supplements because of illness). RCT meta-analyses show no mortality effect of multivitamins and no significant cancer effect of folic acid. The archive omits that calcium was inversely associated with mortality in the same cohort.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确?
Long-term (>10 years) effects of high-dose folic acid are less studied.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法?
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?
A-SUP-26 (RCT meta-analysis, RR 0.98), Vollset 2013 (I-SUP-07), O'Connor 2022 (I-SUP-08), A-SUP-25 (PHS II, total mortality HR 0.94, n.s.), COSMOS (I-SUP-106; mortality HR 0.93, 0.81-1.08). Loftfield 2024 (I-SUP-107) found a small positive association (HR 1.04) in an observational analysis, consistent with confounding rather than harm.
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?
Applies equally.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?
Applies equally.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么?
营养良好的人不需要常规服用补充剂,但没有良好证据表明标准剂量的复合维生素或叶酸会缩短寿命。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
The mortality claim rests on an observational cohort with self-reported supplement use (Iowa; HR 1.06–1.15, copper 1.45). Meta-analysis of 21 RCTs (91,074 people) found no effect of multivitamin-multimineral supplements on mortality (RR 0.98); an individual-participant meta-analysis of 13 folic acid RCTs (49,621 people) found no significant effect on cancer incidence (RR 1.06, 0.99–1.13). The Norwegian signal (Ebbing 2009) was not confirmed in the pooled analysis.
- 来源质量
Observational cohort presented as evidence of harm; RCT evidence points to no effect.
- 地区可推广性
High.
- 个体例外情况
Iron overload disorders (haemochromatosis) are a real reason to avoid iron supplements.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性(生物学/医学)
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
过度解读 – 确有真实的发现,但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围(例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应)。
研究问题: In adults, do multivitamin, iron, folic acid, B6, magnesium, zinc and copper supplements increase mortality, and does folic acid (with B12) increase cancer?
研究问题详解 (PICO)
- 人群
- Adults (older women in Iowa; heart patients in Norway)
- 干预或暴露
- Multivitamin and mineral supplements; folic acid +/- B12
- 对照
- No supplement/placebo
- 地域范围
- universal biology
- 结局指标
- All-cause mortality
- Cancer incidence
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法?
Supplements and mortality in older women
Mursu J et al.. Arch Intern Med 2011 · PMID 21987192 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445 队列研究全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估Iowa Women's Health Study: several supplements associated with higher mortality.
- 实际结果
- Multivitamins HR 1.06 (1.02-1.10); iron 1.10; copper 1.45.
- 方法学质量
- low (observational, self-report)
- 相关性
- direct but confounded
- 局限
- Healthy-user and sick-user bias.
Folic acid + B12 and cancer in Norway
Norwegian trials: folic acid + B12 associated with more cancer.
- 实际结果
- Cancer HR 1.21 (1.03-1.41).
- 方法学质量
- moderate (RCT pooled post-hoc)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Not confirmed in larger pooled analysis.
哪些证据不支持该说法?
Multivitamins and death – trials
Meta-analysis of 21 RCTs: multivitamins had no effect on mortality.
- 实际结果
- RR 0.98 (0.94-1.02).
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
Folic acid and cancer – 50,000 trial participants
Vollset SE et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23352552 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62001-7 Meta分析全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估Individual-data meta-analysis of 13 folic acid RCTs: no significant cancer increase.
- 实际结果
- RR 1.06 (0.99-1.13).
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Upper bound 1.13.
Daily multivitamin in older adults (COSMOS trial)
COSMOS: no mortality increase with daily multivitamin.
- 实际结果
- HR 0.93 (0.81-1.08).
- 方法学质量
- high (RCT)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- 3.6 years.
总体证据说明了什么?
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持?
Randomised evidence does not show that multivitamins increase mortality or that folic acid increases cancer.
为什么有些研究权重更大
RCTs and IPD meta-analyses outweigh cohort associations; Loftfield's HR 1.04 is small and likely confounded.
因果关系是否已确立? 尚未确立 Associations come from observational data; RCTs are null.
仍存在的不确定性
Single minerals (iron, copper, zinc) lack large RCTs on mortality.
合理的结论
The claim overinterprets cohort associations as harm.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?
Iowa/Loftfield (observational) vs COSMOS/Macpherson (randomised): observational associations likely reflect reverse causation and confounding.
这是否取决于国家?
- 一般生物学效应
- Same human physiology everywhere.
- 饮食习惯
- Supplement use patterns differ by country; not region-specific for this question.
- 食品原产地
- Not relevant.
- 污染物
- Product quality and contamination vary by market (not assessed here).
- 本国生产条件
- Not relevant.
- 法律规则
- Supplements are regulated as foods in the EU; Egyptian rules not verified.
- 实际监测数据
- No monitoring data reviewed.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Crude cancer risks and P for mortality – Crude RR about 0.97; P about 0.32 for mortality HR 0.93. 已重新计算
- CI symmetry HR 1.04 (1.02-1.07) – Asymmetry from rounding; small effect. 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
- 主要结局
- Mortality with multivitamins
- 起始等级
- 高(随机试验)
- 降级理由
- imprecision for single minerals
- 结果
- 中
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:multivitamin AND (TITLE:mortality OR TITLE:cancer OR TITLE:"cardiovascular") AND PUB_YEAR:[2019 TO 2026] | 双向 | 28 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:"folic acid" AND TITLE:cancer AND (PUB_TYPE:"Meta-Analysis") AND PUB_YEAR:[2014 TO 2026] | 双向 | 5 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:"iron supplement*" OR TITLE:"zinc supplement*" OR TITLE:"magnesium supplement*" OR TITLE:"copper supplement*") AND TITLE:mortality AND (PUB_TYPE:"Meta-Analysis" OR PUB_TYPE:"Randomized Controlled Trial") | 支持性证据 | 0 |
核查深度如何?
9 项相关研究:2 项核查了全文(其中 2 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),7 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
通俗解释
一项针对美国老年女性的大型调查发现,服用某些维生素和矿物质药片的女性死亡略多。但这类调查无法显示因果关系。当这些药片在随机对照试验中接受检验时,它们并没有增加死亡,叶酸也没有增加癌症。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (2)
-
Supplements and mortality in older women
Mursu J et al.. Arch Intern Med 2011 · PMID 21987192 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究Several supplements were linked to slightly more deaths; calcium to fewer.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Mortality with supplements.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
38,772 women.
- 实际发现了什么?
Small associations both ways.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.06 (MV), 0.91 (Ca).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Not proof of harm.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Confounding.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Partly supports; contradicts calcium claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Moderate.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation.
-
Folic acid + B12 and cancer in Norway
Ebbing M et al.. JAMA 2009 · PMID 19920236 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.1622随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要More cancer and deaths with folic acid plus B12 in heart patients.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Cancer with B vitamins.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Pooled RCTs.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
6,837.
- 实际发现了什么?
More cancer.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.21.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Uncertain signal.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Secondary.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Partly supports.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Norway.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
General harm.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (5)
-
Multivitamins and death – trials
Macpherson H et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23255568 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.049304Meta分析被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要No effect on mortality.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Mortality.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
91,074.
- 实际发现了什么?
No effect.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 0.98.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Neither harm nor benefit.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts mortality claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
-
Folic acid and cancer – 50,000 trial participants
Vollset SE et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23352552 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62001-7Meta分析独立交叉核查全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估★ 关键研究No significant effect of folic acid on cancer over about 5 years.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Folic acid and cancer.
- 研究是如何开展的?
IPD meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
49,621.
- 实际发现了什么?
No significant effect.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.06 (0.99–1.13).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Folic acid does not cause cancer in the short term.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
5 years.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts C-SUP-06.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Very long-term effects.
-
USPSTF evidence review 2022
O'Connor EA et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35727272 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.15650系统综述独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Supplements gave little or no protection; beta-carotene harmful; multivitamins slightly fewer cancers.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Supplement benefits/harms.
- 研究是如何开展的?
SR.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
739,803.
- 实际发现了什么?
Little benefit; some harms.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
OR 0.93 MV cancer; 1.20 beta-carotene lung cancer.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Supplements are not a prevention strategy.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Not for deficiency.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Effects in deficient people.
-
PHS II: multivitamins and heart disease
Sesso HD et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 23117775 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.14805随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要No reduction in heart attacks or strokes; no increase in deaths.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
-
Daily multivitamin in older adults (COSMOS trial)
Sesso HD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35294969 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac056随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Over 3.6 years a daily multivitamin neither reduced nor increased cancer, heart disease or deaths.
No increase in all-cause mortality (HR 0.93, 0.81-1.08) in a randomised trial.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
To test whether a daily multivitamin prevents cancer and heart disease.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Randomised placebo-controlled trial.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
21,442 older US adults.
- 实际发现了什么?
No effect on total cancer, CVD or deaths; possible fewer lung cancers (secondary).
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Cancer HR 0.97 (0.86-1.09); death HR 0.93 (0.81-1.08).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Multivitamins do not prevent major diseases in well-fed older people, and did not cause harm.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Short follow-up.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot exclude small long-term effects.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (2)
-
Folic acid and bowel polyps
Cole BF et al.. JAMA 2007 · PMID 17551129 · DOI 10.1001/jama.297.21.2351随机对照试验被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要No prevention of polyps; possible increase in advanced lesions (borderline).
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Adenoma prevention.
- 研究是如何开展的?
RCT.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
1,021.
- 实际发现了什么?
No benefit.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.04; 1.67 advanced.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Not useful for polyps.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Attrition.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Mixed.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Harm at fortification doses.
-
Multivitamins and death in 390,000 Americans
Loftfield E et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2024 · PMID 38922615 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18729队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要People who took multivitamins did not live longer; their risk of death was about 4% higher, which may reflect who takes supplements rather than the pills.
Small positive association (HR 1.04) in an observational analysis; not causal evidence.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
To see whether multivitamin users live longer.
- 研究是如何开展的?
Three large cohort studies combined.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
390,124 adults.
- 实际发现了什么?
No survival benefit; slight 4% higher death risk.
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.04 (1.02-1.07).
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Multivitamins do not help healthy people live longer.
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational; self-report.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot prove that multivitamins cause harm.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Applies equally.
埃及
Applies equally.
在我的国家适用什么?
一般科学评估
可能错误 很可能错误:随机对照试验并未显示复合维生素或叶酸会增加死亡率或癌症。
该说法涉及生物学或医学关系。上述科学评估不论在哪个国家都适用;各国食品数据不会改变这一评估。
参考文献
- Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study.. Mursu J et al.. Arch Intern Med 2011 · PMID 21987192 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445
- Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12.. Ebbing M et al.. JAMA 2009 · PMID 19920236 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.1622
- Multivitamin-multimineral supplementation and mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. Macpherson H et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23255568 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.049304
- Effects of folic acid supplementation on overall and site-specific cancer incidence during the randomised trials: meta-analyses of data on 50,000 individuals.. Vollset SE et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23352552 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62001-7
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