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Sebagian besar benar Benar hanya dalam kondisi tertentu Tingkat kepastian bukti: sedang sementara C-CHK-05

Ayam industri dipelihara dengan antibiotik secara rutin, dan bakteri yang resistan terhadap antibiotik (mis. E. coli ESBL, MRSA, Campylobacter resistan, mcr-1) menyebar dari unggas ke manusia melalui rantai makanan.

Singkatnya: Klaim ini sebagian besar benar: penggunaan antibiotik pada unggas menyeleksi bakteri resistan yang sampai ke manusia melalui daging; besarnya masalah bergantung pada negaranya, lebih besar di tempat yang penggunaan rutinnya umum (seperti yang dilaporkan untuk Mesir) dan lebih kecil di Uni Eropa, tempat pemacu pertumbuhan dilarang dan makanan menjelaskan sekitar seperlima kasus pembawa (carriage) di masyarakat dalam pemodelan Belanda.
Kesimpulan: Penggunaan antibiotik pada unggas memang ikut berperan dalam sampainya bakteri resistan ke manusia; besarnya masalah sangat bergantung pada negaranya.
  1. Pernyataan asli
  2. Penilaian ilmiah
  3. Bukti ilmiah secara rinci
  4. Dalam bahasa sederhana
  5. Studi tentang klaim ini
  6. Konteks wilayah
  7. Apa yang berlaku di negara saya?
  8. Referensi

Pernyataan asli

فهو مُربّى بالمضادات الحيوية وأدوية الزرنيخ ... ويحمل بكتيريا متعددة المقاومة تنتقل إلى الإنسان عبر السلسلة الغذائية

kata demi kata sesuai sumber. Terjemahan oleh proyek; rumusan bahasa Arab yang menjadi acuan.

Terjemahan

Ayam industri dipelihara dengan antibiotik secara rutin, dan bakteri yang resistan terhadap antibiotik (mis. E. coli ESBL, MRSA, Campylobacter resistan, mcr-1) menyebar dari unggas ke manusia melalui rantai makanan.

Asal

Status sumber
Redaksi arsip
Atribusi
Archive editors (not Elawady)
Asal
https://eltayebat.com/rule/industrial-chicken/
Ketidakpastian atribusi
Narrative and study selection written by the archive operators; the archive states the forbidden section is documented independently of Dr. Diaa's words.
Mekanisme yang diklaim

Routine/sub-therapeutic antibiotic use selects resistant bacteria that reach humans via meat.

Efek kesehatan yang diklaim

Infections with resistant bacteria; loss of last-resort antibiotics.

Populasi yang dimaksud

general population (not specified)

Batasan geografis oleh Elawady

none found

Versi sumber yang berbeda

Status sumber
Transkrip video (kata-katanya sendiri)
Atribusi
Elawady (machine transcript)
Video
Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي is live! الالتهاب ايه هوه ؟ (Buka sumber)
Dipublikasikan
26 September 2025
Penanda waktu
tidak tersedia (transkrip tidak memiliki penanda waktu)
Ketidakpastian atribusi
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.
Status sumber
Transkrip video (kata-katanya sendiri)
Atribusi
Elawady (machine transcript)
Video
البكتيريا النافعة ؟! Bacterial Flora , What do we know about it ？ (Buka sumber)
Dipublikasikan
11 Januari 2025
Penanda waktu
tidak tersedia (transkrip tidak memiliki penanda waktu)
Ketidakpastian atribusi
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.
Status sumber
Transkrip video (kata-katanya sendiri)
Atribusi
Elawady (machine transcript)
Video
ودي الحلقه التانيه من البودكاست…حلقه استثنائيه وقولولي رأيكوا (Buka sumber)
Dipublikasikan
10 April 2026
Penanda waktu
tidak tersedia (transkrip tidak memiliki penanda waktu)
Ketidakpastian atribusi
Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.

Penilaian ilmiah

Sebagian besar benar – Benar pada intinya, tetapi dengan keterbatasan atau ketidaktepatan kecil.

Tingkat kepastian bukti: sedang – Penelitian lebih lanjut masih dapat memengaruhi penilaian.

1. Apa yang diklaim?

Chickens are raised on routine antibiotics and pass multidrug-resistant bacteria to humans.

2. Apa yang terbukti benar?

Global livestock antibiotic use was estimated at 63,151 tons (2010), projected +67% by 2030 (A-CHK-05). Dutch data: 94% of retail chicken samples contained ESBL producers, with poultry-type genes in human isolates (A-CHK-02, A-CHK-03). mcr-1 was found in Chinese animals, meat and patients (A-CHK-11). Restricting antibiotic use lowers resistance in animals and was associated with lower prevalence in humans (I-CHK-01). The 2023-2024 EU report found rising ciprofloxacin resistance in poultry-associated Salmonella and C. jejuni from humans in more than half of reporting countries (I-CHK-116). WHO recommends ending antibiotic use for growth promotion and prevention (I-CHK-118). In Egypt, all 111 surveyed farms used antimicrobials, 65% for non-therapeutic purposes, and half used colistin (I-CHK-117).

3. Apa yang salah atau dilebih-lebihkan?

'Routine antibiotics' is not a uniform reality: the EU banned antibiotics as growth promoters from 2006 and restricts preventive use. A Dutch source-attribution model attributed about 19% of community carriage of ESBL E. coli to food and about 60% to human-to-human transmission (I-CHK-115), so food is a real but not the main route in the EU. Some cited studies concern pork (A-CHK-14) or only the US/China. In the US retail-meat study, chicken isolates had the lowest multidrug-resistance rate and no MRSA (A-CHK-01).

4. Apa yang masih belum jelas?

The share of human resistant infections attributable to poultry consumption versus human antibiotic use.

5. Studi mana yang mendukungnya?

A-CHK-02, A-CHK-03, A-CHK-05, A-CHK-07, A-CHK-08, A-CHK-11, A-CHK-15, A-CHK-17, A-CHK-19, I-CHK-01, I-CHK-04, I-CHK-09, I-CHK-13, I-CHK-116, I-CHK-117, I-CHK-118, I-RES-101; A-CHK-01 (limited).

6. Studi mana yang membantahnya?

I-CHK-115 (food about 19% of community ESBL carriage in the Netherlands); A-CHK-14 (pork, no difference conventional vs antibiotic-free).

7. Apa yang berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

EU: growth promoters banned since 2006; harmonised AMR monitoring shows resistance varies greatly by country, with encouraging downward trends in key indicators in several Member States over 7 years (I-CHK-04). Increasing resistance to critically important antimicrobials in poultry-associated Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans was observed in at least half of reporting countries.

8. Apa yang diketahui tentang Mesir?

Egyptian broiler studies report high multidrug resistance in Salmonella (76.7% of isolates in one province, I-CHK-09), frequent antibiotic residues above MRLs in chicken tissues (I-CHK-12), and colistin resistance (I-CHK-13). This suggests the concern is more relevant for Egypt than for the EU, but national surveillance data were not reviewed.

9. Kesimpulan praktis apa yang tepat?

Resistansi antibiotik melalui unggas adalah masalah One Health yang nyata; masalah ini ditangani melalui penggunaan yang bijak, regulasi, dan kebersihan dapur (bakteri resistan mati karena pemasakan seperti bakteri lainnya).

Rincian penilaian

Alasan tingkat kepastian bukti

Consistent microbiological and molecular evidence (shared ESBL genes/plasmids/strains in Dutch chicken and patients; mcr-1 in Chinese animals, meat and patients; FQ-resistant Campylobacter linked to poultry) plus a systematic review showing that restricting antibiotic use lowers resistance in animals and, with less evidence, in humans. Population-level attribution of human infections to poultry is less certain.

Kualitas sumber

Archive editorial with accurately cited, mostly high-quality studies; some (MRSA in pork, A-CHK-14) concern pork, not chicken.

Keteralihan ke wilayah lain

Highly dependent on country: EU banned antibiotic growth promoters from 2006 and monitors resistance; resistance is lower in some EU countries and decreasing in several. Egypt has reported high multidrug resistance in poultry Salmonella and colistin resistance (I-CHK-09, I-CHK-13).

Pengecualian individual

Risk is higher for people with direct animal contact (farmers, slaughterhouse workers).

Cakupan wilayah klaim
bergantung pada kondisi produksi
Terakhir ditinjau
26 Oktober 2026 sementara

Bukti ilmiah secara rinci

Benar hanya dalam kondisi tertentu – Klaim ini hanya berlaku untuk dosis, kelompok orang, cara pengolahan, atau keadaan tertentu.

Pertanyaan penelitian: Does antibiotic use in poultry production select resistant bacteria (ESBL E. coli, resistant Campylobacter/Salmonella, mcr-1) that reach humans through the food chain, and how large is this contribution?

Pertanyaan penelitian secara rinci (PECO)
Populasi
Consumers and general population
Intervensi atau paparan
Antibiotic use in poultry; consumption/handling of poultry meat
Pembanding
Lower or restricted antibiotic use; other sources of resistance
Cakupan geografis
production-dependent (country-specific use and regulation)
Luaran
  • resistant bacteria in meat
  • human carriage/infection with poultry-associated resistant strains
  • attributable fraction

Hasil studi sebagaimana dilaporkan oleh para penulis. Penilaian kami menyusul di bawah.

Apa yang mendukung klaim ini?

  • Less antibiotics in farm animals, less resistance

    Tang KL et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2017 · PMID 29387833 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 Meta-analisisteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur

    Systematic review/meta-analysis of interventions restricting antibiotic use in food animals.

    Hasil sebenarnya
    Resistance in animals reduced (pooled risk differences mostly -0.10 to -0.15); in humans about 24% lower prevalence, stronger with animal contact.
    Kualitas metodologis
    moderate (SR of mostly observational studies)
    Relevansi
    direct
    Keterbatasan
    Human evidence thinner than animal evidence.

    Publikasi asli

  • Same resistance genes in Dutch chicken and patients

    Leverstein-van Hall MA et al.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 · PMID 21463397 · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03497.x Studi potong lintangabstrak diperiksa

    Dutch genotyping of ESBL genes in retail chicken and patients.

    Hasil sebenarnya
    94% of retail chicken with ESBL producers; 35% of human isolates with poultry-associated ESBL genes; 19% on plasmids indistinguishable from poultry.
    Kualitas metodologis
    moderate (molecular epidemiology)
    Relevansi
    direct
    Keterbatasan
    Shared genes do not prove direction or share of transmission.

    Publikasi asli

  • EU report 2023-2024: resistant bacteria from poultry still common

    EFSA and ECDC. EFSA J 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9887 Studi pengukuran / residuabstrak diperiksabaru ditambahkan

    EU AMR summary report 2023-2024.

    Hasil sebenarnya
    Rising ciprofloxacin resistance in poultry-associated Salmonella and C. jejuni from humans in more than half of reporting countries; large country differences.
    Kualitas metodologis
    high (harmonised surveillance)
    Relevansi
    direct
    Keterbatasan
    Abstract only.

    Publikasi asli

Apa yang menentang klaim ini?

Apa kata bukti secara keseluruhan?

Penilaian redaksi berdasarkan studi di atas – bukan hasil studi itu sendiri.

Posisi mana yang lebih didukung?

Antibiotic use in poultry contributes to resistant bacteria reaching humans, but in the EU food is a minority source of community carriage; the problem is larger where use is routine and unregulated, as reported for Egypt.

Mengapa sebagian studi lebih berbobot

Surveillance (I-CHK-116), molecular studies (A-CHK-02/03, A-CHK-11) and an intervention meta-analysis (I-CHK-01) consistently support the pathway; attribution modelling (I-CHK-115) quantifies a moderate share. Egyptian survey data (I-CHK-117) show routine non-therapeutic use including colistin.

Apakah hubungan sebab-akibat sudah terbukti? Ya, terbukti Selection of resistance by use, shared strains/genes, and decreases after restriction together establish the pathway; magnitude varies.

Ketidakpastian yang tersisa

Share of human resistant infections attributable to poultry in Egypt; national Egyptian AMU and AMR data are lacking.

Kesimpulan yang dapat dibenarkan

Largely correct; 'routine antibiotics' describes Egypt and other countries but not legal EU practice, and food is not the main source of resistance carriage in the EU.

Mengapa studi-studi tampak saling bertentangan?

I-CHK-115 (food 19%) vs A-CHK-02 (94% of chicken ESBL-positive): high contamination of meat does not translate into a dominant share of human carriage because cooking, hygiene and human-to-human spread intervene. Different questions, not a contradiction.

Apakah ini bergantung pada negara?
Efek biologis umum
Selection of resistance is universal.
Kebiasaan makan
Kitchen hygiene and cooking reduce transmission.
Asal makanan
Imported meat can carry higher resistance (I-CHK-116: imported broiler meat).
Cemaran
Resistant bacteria are killed by cooking like susceptible ones.
Kondisi produksi nasional
Egypt: all surveyed farms use antimicrobials, 65% non-therapeutically, half use colistin (I-CHK-117).
Aturan hukum
EU: growth promoters banned since 2006, Reg. 2019/6 restricts prophylaxis; Egypt: no GOVS decision on growth promoters found (the project's research files).
Data pemantauan sebenarnya
EU harmonised AMR monitoring (I-CHK-116); Egypt: no national AMU/AMR data found.

Perbedaan antarwilayah didukung oleh data yang kuat.

Pemeriksaan ulang statistik
  • Plausibility of attribution shares – Shares sum to about 100% (60.1+6.9+18.9+7.9+3.6+2.6 = 100.0); credible intervals wide. tidak dapat dihitung ulang dari data yang dipublikasikan
Kepastian bukti secara keseluruhan (GRADE, disederhanakan)
Luaran utama
Transmission of poultry-associated resistant bacteria to humans
Tingkat awal
rendah (studi observasional)
Alasan peningkatan tingkat
  • consistency across molecular, surveillance and intervention data
  • dose-response (restriction reduces resistance)
Hasil
sedang

Penilaian sederhana oleh satu penilai, mengikuti pendekatan GRADE; bukan panel GRADE formal. GRADE menilai kumpulan bukti untuk satu luaran, bukan studi individual.

Pedoman klinis dan pernyataan resmi yang diperiksa
  • WHO: WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals (summary, Aidara-Kane et al. 2018, PMID 29375825) (2017) · Publikasi asli
    Complete restriction of antimicrobial use for growth promotion and for prevention in healthy animals; reduce overall use of medically important antimicrobials.
  • EFSA/ECDC: EU Summary Report on AMR in zoonotic and indicator bacteria 2023-2024 (I-CHK-116) (2026) · Publikasi asli
    High resistance to common antimicrobials in Salmonella and Campylobacter; increasing ciprofloxacin resistance in poultry-associated Salmonella and C. jejuni from humans in more than half of reporting countries; country differences large.
Strategi penelusuran

Penelusuran literatur yang terdokumentasi untuk tinjauan ini (string pencarian dalam sintaksis asli basis data).

Basis dataTanggalPenelusuranMencariHasilDisertakan
Europe PMC26 Oktober 2026(TITLE:ESBL OR TITLE:"extended-spectrum") AND (TITLE:attribution OR TITLE:"attributable")kedua arah4
PubMed26 Oktober 2026(ESBL[tiab] OR extended-spectrum[tiab]) AND (attribut*[ti]) AND (food[tiab] OR chicken[tiab])bukti yang menentang3
Europe PMC26 Oktober 2026TITLE:"European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance" AND PUB_YEAR:[2025 TO 2026]bukti pendukung3
Crossref26 Oktober 2026query.title=European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance zoonotic indicator bacteria 2023-2024bukti pendukung5
Europe PMC26 Oktober 2026TITLE:"WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals"pedoman3
the project's research files (EG vet_drugs, RS-EG-41) then PubMed efetch26 Oktober 2026Egyptian antimicrobial use surveybukti pendukung1

Pertanyaan terbuka

National Egyptian AMU and resistance surveillance; attribution of resistant infections in Egypt.

Seberapa mendalam ini diperiksa?

22 studi terkait: 7 diperiksa dalam teks lengkap (5 di antaranya dengan penilaian risiko bias terstruktur), 15 berdasarkan abstrak, 0 hanya secara bibliografis. Belum ada penilaian formal oleh dua penilai independen dan belum ada tinjauan pakar manusia yang independen.

Tinjauan ilmiah terakhir: 26 Oktober 2026

Riwayat penilaian
  1. 25 Oktober 2026 · Fase 1 · Penilaian awal: Sebagian besar benar (sedang)
  2. 26 Oktober 2026 · Fase 4 (tinjauan bukti sistematis) · Diperiksa ulang dengan bukti yang diperluas; penilaian tidak berubah: Sebagian besar benar (sedang)
    New EU surveillance, WHO guideline and Egyptian use data strengthen the pathway; Dutch attribution modelling limits the size of the food route. Verdict and certainty unchanged.
    Sumber baru: I-CHK-115 I-CHK-116 I-CHK-117 I-CHK-118

Dalam bahasa sederhana

Arsip menyatakan bahwa ayam diberi banyak antibiotik dan bahwa bakteri resistan dapat berpindah dari ayam ke manusia. Hal ini sebagian besar didukung oleh bukti: studi di Belanda menemukan gen resistansi yang sama pada daging ayam dan pada pasien, dan negara-negara yang membatasi antibiotik pada hewan melihat resistansi yang lebih rendah. Uni Eropa telah melarang antibiotik sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan sejak 2006, sementara studi dari Mesir menunjukkan tingkat resistansi dan residu obat yang tinggi pada ayam. Pemasakan yang benar dan kebersihan dapur mengurangi risiko bagi konsumen.

Studi tentang klaim ini

Studi yang mendukung klaim (18)

  • Resistant Staphylococcus on US meat

    Waters AE et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21498385 · DOI 10.1093/cid/cir181
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur★ studi kunci

    Almost half of meat samples carried S. aureus; about half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, but for chicken it was about a quarter and no MRSA was found on chicken.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What are the prevalence, resistance and genotypes of S. aureus in US meat and poultry?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional microbiological survey of retail meat and poultry with susceptibility testing and genotyping

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    136 samples; Retail meat and poultry samples

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    S. aureus: turkey 77%, pork 42%, chicken 41%, beef 37%; multidrug resistance 52% overall (chicken 26%); MRSA 3 isolates, none from chicken.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Proportions; comparisons between sample types

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Raw meat can carry resistant bacteria; hygiene and cooking matter.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Small convenience sample; mixed meats; no human outcomes; funded by an advocacy foundation; authors say public-health relevance is unclear.

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports presence of resistant bacteria on meat.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate; EU AMR monitoring covers MRSA.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot show how many people get sick.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Same resistance genes in Dutch chicken and patients

    Leverstein-van Hall MA et al.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 · PMID 21463397 · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03497.x
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunci

    Most retail chicken had ESBL bacteria, and many human isolates shared the same genes and plasmids.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What proportion of human clinical ESBL E. coli carry poultry-associated genes, plasmids and strains?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Molecular epidemiological study comparing ESBL genes, plasmids and strains from poultry, retail chicken and human clinical isolates

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    98 retail chicken samples; 516 human clinical samples; Retail chicken, poultry, human clinical samples from 31 labs

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    94% of retail meat samples contained ESBL producers; 39% of these belonged to E. coli genotypes also present in human samples. 35% of human isolates contained poultry-associated ESBL genes; 19% had PA genes on IncI1 plasmids indistinguishable from poultry.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive proportions; microarray, pMLST, MLST

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Resistance genes can move from poultry to people.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Cross-sectional; direction of transmission inferred; 2009 data

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the claim.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    High (EU country).

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot say how many human infections come from chicken.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • ESBL genes in Dutch chicken meat and people

    Overdevest I et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21762575 · DOI 10.3201/eid1707.110209
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    Four in five chicken samples had ESBL genes, matching those found in people.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What are prevalence and characteristics of ESBL genes in retail chicken and humans in the Netherlands?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional study of ESBL genes in retail chicken and human rectal/blood isolates

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not stated in abstract; Retail chicken; patients in 4 hospitals

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    ESBL genes in 79.8% of chicken meat; predominant genes identical in meat and human rectal swabs; frequently in blood isolates; high similarity of E. coli strains.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Resistant bacteria on raw chicken are common in some countries.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Directionality inferred; Sample sizes not in abstract

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the claim.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    High.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot prove transmission direction.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Global antibiotic use in farm animals

    Van Boeckel TP et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 · PMID 25792457 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1503141112
    Lainnyadikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunci

    Models estimated about 63,000 tons used in 2010 with a projected 67% increase by 2030.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    How much antimicrobial is used in livestock globally and how will it change?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Bayesian modelling of global antimicrobial use in food animals for 2010 and 2030

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not applicable; Global livestock (cattle, chicken, pigs)

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Average 45 (cattle), 148 (chicken), 172 (pigs) mg/kg. Increase of 67% from 63,151 +/- 1,560 t to 105,596 +/- 3,605 t (2010-2030). Up to a third of increase from middle-income countries shifting to intensive systems; BRICS +99%.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Bayesian models

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Antibiotic use in farming is large and growing in middle-income countries.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Extrapolation from high-income data; Model uncertainty larger than reported SD may suggest

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the context of the claim.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot show use in a given country.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Resistant Campylobacter linked to poultry in the US

    Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597
    Studi kasus-kontroldikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    Domestic resistant infections were linked to eating chicken or turkey at restaurants.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What are risk factors for fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Population-based case-control study (FoodNet)

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    858 isolates tested; 64 FQ-resistant vs 582 susceptible with travel data; 33 matched case-control pairs; Patients with Campylobacter infection and matched controls

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    11% resistant. Travel OR 7.6 (4.3-13.4). Domestic cases: eating chicken or turkey at commercial establishment matched OR 10.0 (1.3-78).

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    OR, matched OR

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Poultry can transmit resistant Campylobacter.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Very wide CI (only 33 pairs); Recall bias

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Precise risk size.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • US ban of fluoroquinolones in poultry

    Nelson JM et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 · PMID 17342653 · DOI 10.1086/512369
    Tinjauan naratifdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    Resistance concerns led the US to withdraw enrofloxacin from poultry in 2005.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What happened after fluoroquinolones were withdrawn from US poultry?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Review of FQ-resistant Campylobacter and US regulatory withdrawal of enrofloxacin in poultry

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not applicable; US

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    FDA proposed withdrawal in 2000; enrofloxacin withdrawn from poultry effective September 2005; resistant strains continue to circulate.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Not applicable

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Regulators can restrict drugs that drive resistance.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Narrative; Authors from US agencies

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports problem existence.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot quantify impact.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Discovery of transferable colistin resistance (mcr-1) in China

    Liu YY et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26603172 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
    Lainnyadikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunci

    A transferable gene making bacteria resistant to the last-resort antibiotic colistin was found in animals, meat and some patients.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Is there plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in China?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Surveillance plus microbiological and molecular study discovering plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1)

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    804 animals; 523 raw meat samples; 1,322 inpatient samples; E. coli and K. pneumoniae from food animals, raw meat and inpatients in five provinces

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    mcr-1 in 166/804 (21%) animals, 78/523 (15%) raw meat, 16/1322 (1%) inpatients; transferable by conjugation; negated colistin in mice.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive; conjugation frequencies; mouse model

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Farm antibiotic use can threaten important human medicines.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    China-specific surveillance; Index strain from a pig; poultry-specific share not given in abstract

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports resistance concern.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not specific to chicken.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Less resistance on farms that stopped antibiotics

    Sapkota AR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2011 · PMID 21827979 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1003350
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    Poultry houses that switched to organic had far fewer multidrug-resistant bacteria.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Does transition to organic practices lower antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus on poultry farms?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Field comparison of resistant Enterococcus in conventional vs newly organic poultry houses

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    20 houses; 259 Enterococcus isolates; 10 conventional and 10 newly organic poultry houses

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    MDR E. faecalis 42% conventional vs 10% organic (p=0.02); MDR E. faecium 84% vs 17% (p<0.001).

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    GLMM

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Reducing antibiotic use reduces resistance.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Small number of houses; Farm environment, not meat

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot show human health effect.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • US Salmonella outbreak from one chicken company

    Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369
    Laporan wabahdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur

    634 people fell ill from resistant Salmonella traced to one company's chicken.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What caused a large multistate MDR Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Outbreak investigation (epidemiological, laboratory, traceback)

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    634 cases; 435 interviewed; 634 US case-patients

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    634 sick (38% hospitalised, no deaths); 87% of those with brand data ate Company A chicken; 67% of tested patient isolates resistant, 35% multidrug-resistant; Salmonella in 26% of samples at the implicated plants, down to about 5% after fixes.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Shows why safe handling of raw chicken matters.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Single outbreak

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports existence of hazard.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot give routine prevalence in chicken and does not support an 80-85% contamination rate.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Urinary infection E. coli genes in Danish chicken and pork

    Jakobsen L et al.. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 · PMID 20656368 · DOI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.025
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    E. coli from meat had virulence genes similar to those from patients with urinary infections.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Could broiler meat and pork be sources of ExPEC strains in humans?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Molecular comparison of ExPEC virulence genes in E. coli from UTI patients, community humans, meat and animals

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    964 isolates; 964 E. coli isolates

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Seven of eight ExPEC-related genes detected in isolates from broiler meat, broilers, pork and pigs; strong similarities between human and meat/animal isolate profiles.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    PCR; cluster analysis

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Meat could be one source of bacteria causing urinary infections.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Gene presence, not transmission proof

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports plausibility.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    High.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot prove transmission.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Less antibiotics in farm animals, less resistance

    Tang KL et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2017 · PMID 29387833 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9
    Meta-analisispemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur★ studi kunci

    Restricting antibiotics in livestock reduced resistant bacteria in animals and, in fewer studies, in people.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Effect of restricting antibiotic use in food animals on resistance in animals and humans

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Systematic review and meta-analysis (WHO-commissioned)

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    181 studies (179 animal, 21 human); Food-producing animals; humans

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    In animals resistance was usually 10-15 percentage points lower with restrictions (poultry 18 points); in studied humans 24 points lower, mainly in farm workers (29 points) and much less in non-farm people (9 points, 3 studies).

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Random-effects risk differences

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Prudent farm antibiotic use protects human medicine.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Mostly cross-sectional, poorly adjusted studies; very high heterogeneity; few human studies, mostly farm workers; possible publication bias in human studies; almost no data from low- and middle-income countries.

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    High.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot quantify effect on all consumers.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • EU report on antibiotic resistance in food animals

    EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38419967 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583
    Lainnyapemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa

    Resistance in poultry-linked bacteria is common and varies by country, but key indicators improved in several countries.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    AMR in Salmonella, Campylobacter, indicator E. coli, MRSA in humans, animals, food

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    EU harmonised AMR monitoring report

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not stated in abstract; EU MSs

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Resistance differed greatly between countries; resistance to common antimicrobials frequent in Salmonella and Campylobacter; increasing resistance to a critically important antimicrobial in poultry-associated Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans in at least half of reporting countries; encouraging progress in key outcome indicators in several MSs over 7 years.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive; trend analysis

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    The problem is real in the EU too, but monitored.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Country variation in sampling

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports, with nuance.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Directly EU.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not consumer risk per meal.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Salmonella in Egyptian broiler chickens

    Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-z
    Studi potong lintangpemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur

    About 29% of retail chicken carcasses and 32% of farm chickens in one Egyptian province had Salmonella, mostly multidrug-resistant.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Prevalence, resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella in broilers and retail carcasses

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional microbiological survey

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    420 samples from 5 broiler farms and 5 retail shops, El-Sharkia, summer 2017

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Salmonella in 28.6% of all samples (carcasses 29.4%, cloacal swabs 32%, environment 22%); 76.7% of isolates multidrug-resistant; all resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; none to imipenem.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    In Egypt, careful handling and cooking of chicken is especially important.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Only 5 farms and 5 shops in one province, one season; no human data; descriptive only.

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports concern but not 80-85%.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Low (Egypt).

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not national.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Colistin resistance in the Middle East and North Africa

    Saniour R et al.. Microorganisms 2026 · PMID 42655038 · DOI 10.3390/microorganisms14081693
    Tinjauan naratifpemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa

    Resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin is reported in Egypt and other countries, including in poultry.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: rendah · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Epidemiology of colistin resistance in MENA

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Narrative review

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not applicable; Humans, animals, food, environment

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    North Africa prevalence of colistin-resistant Gram-negatives: Tunisia 58.09%, Egypt 24.76%, Algeria 14.29%, Libya 2.86% (from available literature); mcr-1 predominant; resistance documented in poultry and food.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Farm antibiotic use matters for human medicine in Egypt too.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Narrative; heterogeneous sources

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Low.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not precise prevalence.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • EU report 2023-2024: resistant bacteria from poultry still common

    EFSA and ECDC. EFSA J 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9887
    Studi pengukuran / residupemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa

    Resistance to common antibiotics is frequent in Salmonella and Campylobacter, and ciprofloxacin resistance is rising in poultry-associated strains in humans.

    Resistance in poultry-associated Salmonella and Campylobacter, including rising ciprofloxacin resistance in human cases.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What are the AMR levels and trends in Salmonella, Campylobacter and indicator E. coli from humans, food-producing animals and meat in the EU?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    EU harmonised AMR monitoring report

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    EU-wide monitoring (numbers not in abstract)

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    High proportions of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulfonamides. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance in human infections with a poultry-associated Salmonella serovar and in C. jejuni in more than half of reporting countries. Resistance differed greatly between countries. Very high third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Salmonella from imported broiler and turkey meat. Encouraging progress in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several Member States over the past decade, partly plateauing.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    High proportions of Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulfonamides. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance in human infections with a poultry-associated Salmonella serovar and in C. jejuni in more than half of reporting countries. Resistance differed greatly between countries. Very high third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Salmonella from imported broiler and turkey meat. Encouraging progress in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several Member States over the past decade, partly plateauing.

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Antibiotic resistance linked to poultry is a real, monitored problem in Europe, improving in some countries.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Abstract only (read via Crossref); No PMID located

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the resistance part of the claim for the EU, with country differences.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Directly EU data.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Does not quantify how many human infections come from eating chicken.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Egyptian farms report routine antibiotic use, often without medical need

    ElSayed N et al.. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2025 · PMID 39828782 · DOI 10.1186/s42506-024-00180-w
    Studi potong lintangpemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa

    All 111 farms used antibiotics; 65% also used them for prevention or growth.

    Routine and non-therapeutic antibiotic use, including colistin, reported on Egyptian farms.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: rendah · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What antimicrobials are used on Egyptian animal farms, for what purposes, and why?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional survey of farm personnel

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    111 of 150 farms (74% response)

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    All surveyed personnel reported antimicrobial use; 65% used them for non-therapeutic purposes (prevention or growth promotion). Non-therapeutic use had no impact on FCR in any farm type. Most used: penicillins 81%, macrolides 78%, tetracyclines 72%. Half used colistin; 55% of these non-therapeutically.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    All surveyed personnel reported antimicrobial use; 65% used them for non-therapeutic purposes (prevention or growth promotion). Non-therapeutic use had no impact on FCR in any farm type. Most used: penicillins 81%, macrolides 78%, tetracyclines 72%. Half used colistin; 55% of these non-therapeutically.

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    In Egypt, routine antibiotic use in animals is common.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Self-report; Farms selected from a private platform list; Small sample

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports 'routine antibiotics' for Egypt.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Not applicable to the EU (growth promoters banned since 2006).

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not representative of all Egyptian farms.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • WHO: stop using antibiotics to make farm animals grow

    Aidara-Kane A et al.. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018 · PMID 29375825 · DOI 10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9
    Pedoman / pernyataan sikappemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa

    WHO recommends ending antibiotic use for growth promotion and for prevention in healthy animals.

    WHO states antimicrobial use in food animals selects for resistance transmissible to humans and recommends ending growth promotion.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Ya · Kualitas metodologis: tinggi · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    How should medically important antimicrobials be used in food-producing animals?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Summary of WHO guideline developed with GRADE and commissioned systematic reviews

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    not applicable

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Recommends reduction in overall use of medically important antimicrobials, complete restriction of use for growth promotion and for disease prevention in healthy animals, and no use of critically important antimicrobials unless susceptibility testing shows they are the only option.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Recommends reduction in overall use of medically important antimicrobials, complete restriction of use for growth promotion and for disease prevention in healthy animals, and no use of critically important antimicrobials unless susceptibility testing shows they are the only option.

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    The international health authority agrees that farm antibiotic use is a resistance problem.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Recommendations rest partly on low-certainty evidence

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the resistance concern; does not quantify human harm.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    EU rules (Reg. 2019/6) largely implement these principles.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not a measure of current use in any country.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Gentamicin found in one in five Egyptian chicken samples, mostly in liver

    Kamouh HM et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38633178 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.40
    Studi pengukuran / residupemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap diperiksa★ studi kunci

    21% of samples contained gentamicin, most often liver and gizzard; boiling removed over 90%.

    Residues of several antibiotics in Egyptian chicken indicate frequent use.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: rendah · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    How often are oxytetracycline, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin residues present in retail chicken in Egypt, and does boiling reduce them?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional residue survey (microbial inhibition test plus HPLC) with a boiling experiment

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    100 samples (25 per tissue)

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Positive: oxytetracycline 23%, gentamicin 21%, ciprofloxacin 17% of samples. Gentamicin by tissue: breast 16%, thigh 16%, gizzard 20%, liver 32%; mean concentrations (ng/g) 31.8, 52.5, 201.3, 243.2 (max liver 378.5). Above the MRL used: breast 1/25, thigh 2/25, gizzard 4/25, liver 5/25. Boiling 30 min reduced gentamicin by 91.8-95.2% (liver 378.5 -> 18.3 ng/g), oxytetracycline by 88.2% and ciprofloxacin by 23-31%.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Positive: oxytetracycline 23%, gentamicin 21%, ciprofloxacin 17% of samples. Gentamicin by tissue: breast 16%, thigh 16%, gizzard 20%, liver 32%; mean concentrations (ng/g) 31.8, 52.5, 201.3, 243.2 (max liver 378.5). Above the MRL used: breast 1/25, thigh 2/25, gizzard 4/25, liver 5/25. Boiling 30 min reduced gentamicin by 91.8-95.2% (liver 378.5 -> 18.3 ng/g), oxytetracycline by 88.2% and ciprofloxacin by 23-31%.

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Antibiotic traces are real in Egyptian chicken, especially in offal; cooking removes most gentamicin; the amounts are tiny compared with medical doses.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Small sample from one governorate; Gentamicin MRLs taken from EU bovine/porcine values (EU 37/2010 lists gentamicin MRLs only for bovine and porcine species, I-RES-01); Inconsistent counts (21 MIT-positive vs 25 positive in Table 7 text); No dietary risk assessment

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports that gentamicin is used in Egyptian broilers; does not support kidney or hearing damage.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Not applicable to EU production.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot show any health effect.

    Rincian ilmiah →

Studi yang membantah atau membatasi klaim (2)

  • MRSA in US retail pork

    O'Brien AM et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 22276147 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030092
    Studi potong lintangdikutip oleh arsip Tayebatabstrak diperiksa

    Pork raised without antibiotics carried MRSA as often as conventional pork.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What is S. aureus/MRSA prevalence in conventional vs alternative retail pork?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional retail survey of S. aureus and MRSA in pork

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    395 pork samples; Retail pork from 36 stores

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    S. aureus 64.8%; MRSA 6.6% (4.3-9.5%); no significant differences between conventional and alternative pork.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Proportions, 95% CI

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Not about chicken.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Pork, not poultry

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Limits the claim.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Moderate.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Says nothing about chicken.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters

    European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU (copy at legislation.gov.uk) 2003
    Pedoman / pernyataan sikappemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap diperiksa

    Since 2006, antibiotics may not be used as growth-promoting feed additives in the EU.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Tidak · Kualitas metodologis: tidak berlaku · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Rules for feed additives including phase-out of antibiotic growth promoters

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    EU regulation

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    Not applicable; EU animal feed

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Article 11(2): antibiotics, other than coccidiostats and histomonostats, may be marketed and used as feed additives only until 31 December 2005; from 1 January 2006 deleted from the Register. Recital 25 cites the Scientific Steering Committee: growth-promoting antimicrobials from classes used in medicine should be phased out.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Not applicable

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    "Routine antibiotics for growth" is not legal in the EU.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Therapeutic and prophylactic veterinary use regulated separately (not covered)

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Limits the claim for the EU.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Directly EU.

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Does not cover therapeutic use.

    Rincian ilmiah →

Studi dengan hasil campuran atau tidak jelas (2)

  • Antibiotic residues in Egyptian chicken

    Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2
    Studi pengukuran / residupemeriksaan silang independenteks lengkap, penilaian risiko bias terstruktur★ studi kunci

    Many chicken samples had antibiotic residues above legal limits, especially in liver, but estimated health risk was low.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    Antibiotic residues in chicken tissues and consumer risk

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Cross-sectional residue survey (HPLC) with risk assessment

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    180 samples (60 breast, 60 thigh, 60 liver); Chicken tissues from poultry shops

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Detected: enrofloxacin 51.67%, oxytetracycline 71.67%, sulfadimidine 16.67%; of positives, 54.84%, 55.81% and 70% exceeded MRLs. Liver had highest levels (e.g., oxytetracycline mean 10,625 ug/kg). EDI 0.012-0.590 ug/kg bw/day; HQ 0.0002-0.050, indicating no significant health risk.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Descriptive; HQ

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Withdrawal periods are not always respected in some Egyptian supply chains.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    One city; unclear shop selection; no confirmatory LC-MS/MS; risk estimate uses average levels and intakes only; eggs not studied.

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports residue concern in Egypt; not toxicity.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Low (Egypt).

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Cannot generalise nationwide.

    Rincian ilmiah →

  • Most resistant gut bacteria in Dutch people come from other people, about one fifth from food

    Mughini-Gras L et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2019 · PMID 31439317 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30130-5
    Kajian risikopemeriksaan silang independenabstrak diperiksa★ studi kunci

    Food accounted for about 19% of community carriage of ESBL E. coli; human-to-human spread for about 60%.

    Food contributes (about 19%), but human-to-human spread dominates; limits the size of the poultry route.

    Apakah studi ini mendukung klaim spesifik tersebut? Sebagian · Kualitas metodologis: sedang · Tingkat kepastian bukti: lihat penilaian keseluruhan atas klaim

    Publikasi asli · Rincian ilmiah

    Penjelasan studi secara sederhana
    Apa yang ingin diketahui para peneliti?

    What proportion of community-acquired ESBL/pAmpC E. coli carriage is attributable to human, animal, food and environmental sources?

    Bagaimana studi ini dilakukan?

    Population-based source-attribution modelling (ESBL/pAmpC genes), Netherlands 2005-2017

    Berapa banyak orang, hewan, atau sampel yang diteliti?

    1,220 human and 6,275 non-human gene occurrences

    Apa yang sebenarnya ditemukan?

    Human-to-human transmission within/between households 60.1% (95% CrI 40.0-73.5); secondary transmission from high-risk groups 6.9%; food 18.9% (7.0-38.3); companion animals 7.9%; farm animals (non-occupational) 3.6%; environment 2.6%. R0 for intracommunity transmission 0.63.

    Seberapa besar efek yang teramati?

    Human-to-human transmission within/between households 60.1% (95% CrI 40.0-73.5); secondary transmission from high-risk groups 6.9%; food 18.9% (7.0-38.3); companion animals 7.9%; farm animals (non-occupational) 3.6%; environment 2.6%. R0 for intracommunity transmission 0.63.

    Apa arti hasilnya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari?

    Food is a real but not the main route for these resistant bacteria in the Netherlands.

    Apa keterbatasan studi ini?

    Model assumptions; Food not split by type in abstract; Erratum published

    Apa yang dikatakannya tentang klaim spesifik Elawady?

    Supports the food-chain route but limits its size.

    Apakah hasilnya berlaku untuk Jerman dan Eropa?

    Directly EU-relevant (Netherlands).

    Apa yang secara tegas tidak dapat disimpulkan dari studi ini?

    Not specific to chicken; different in high-use countries.

    Rincian ilmiah →

Konteks wilayah

Jerman / UE

EU: growth promoters banned since 2006; harmonised AMR monitoring shows resistance varies greatly by country, with encouraging downward trends in key indicators in several Member States over 7 years (I-CHK-04). Increasing resistance to critically important antimicrobials in poultry-associated Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans was observed in at least half of reporting countries.

Mesir

Egyptian broiler studies report high multidrug resistance in Salmonella (76.7% of isolates in one province, I-CHK-09), frequent antibiotic residues above MRLs in chicken tissues (I-CHK-12), and colistin resistance (I-CHK-13). This suggests the concern is more relevant for Egypt than for the EU, but national surveillance data were not reviewed.

Apa yang berlaku di negara saya?

Penilaian ilmiah umum

Sebagian besar benar Penggunaan antibiotik pada unggas memang ikut berperan dalam sampainya bakteri resistan ke manusia; besarnya masalah sangat bergantung pada negaranya.

Bidang keamanan pangan berikut relevan dengan pernyataan ini:

  • Pestisida dan residu pestisida
  • Obat hewan dan antibiotik
  • Hormon pemacu pertumbuhan
  • Cemaran (logam berat, PFAS, PCB, dioksin, nitrat)
  • Patogen (Salmonella, Campylobacter, dll.)
  • Peternakan dan pakan
  • Pengawasan, impor, penarikan produk, pelabelan

Telur · Unggas · Produk susu · Ikan dan hasil laut · Daging merah · Buah dan sayuran

Pilih negara untuk melihat informasi yang telah diperiksa untuk negara tersebut.

Batasan: aturan hukum menggambarkan apa yang diizinkan, bukan apa yang terkandung dalam setiap makanan. Data pengukuran berasal dari sampel dan hanya bermakna bersama rincian metodenya.

Negara tempat tinggal atau pembelian Bandingkan dengan negara lain

Referensi

  1. Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry.. Waters AE et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21498385 · DOI 10.1093/cid/cir181
  2. Dutch patients, retail chicken meat and poultry share the same ESBL genes, plasmids and strains.. Leverstein-van Hall MA et al.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 · PMID 21463397 · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03497.x
  3. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes of Escherichia coli in chicken meat and humans, The Netherlands.. Overdevest I et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21762575 · DOI 10.3201/eid1707.110209
  4. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals.. Van Boeckel TP et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 · PMID 25792457 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1503141112
  5. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: eating poultry outside of the home and foreign travel are risk factors.. Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597
  6. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story.. Nelson JM et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 · PMID 17342653 · DOI 10.1086/512369
  7. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.. Liu YY et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26603172 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
  8. Lower prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Enterococci on U.S. conventional poultry farms that transitioned to organic practices.. Sapkota AR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2011 · PMID 21827979 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1003350
  9. National Outbreak of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to a Single Poultry Company.. Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369
  10. Broiler chickens, broiler chicken meat, pigs and pork as sources of ExPEC related virulence genes and resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from community-dwelling humans and UTI patients.. Jakobsen L et al.. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 · PMID 20656368 · DOI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.025
  11. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Tang KL et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2017 · PMID 29387833 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9
  12. The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2021-2022.. EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38419967 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583
  13. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genotyping of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from broiler chickens and chicken carcasses in Egypt.. Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-z
  14. Overview of Colistin Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region.. Saniour R et al.. Microorganisms 2026 · PMID 42655038 · DOI 10.3390/microorganisms14081693
  15. The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2023-2024. EFSA and ECDC. EFSA J 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9887
  16. Antimicrobial use in animal farms in Egypt: rates, patterns, and determinants.. ElSayed N et al.. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2025 · PMID 39828782 · DOI 10.1186/s42506-024-00180-w
  17. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals.. Aidara-Kane A et al.. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018 · PMID 29375825 · DOI 10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9
  18. Assessment of antibiotic residues in chicken meat.. Kamouh HM et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38633178 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.40
  19. MRSA in conventional and alternative retail pork products.. O'Brien AM et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 22276147 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030092
  20. Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition (original text, Article 11 and recitals 25-26). European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU (copy at legislation.gov.uk) 2003
  21. Health risk assessment of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimidine residues in broiler chicken carcasses marketed in Mit Ghamr, Egypt.. Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2
  22. Attributable sources of community-acquired carriage of Escherichia coli containing beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes: a population-based modelling study.. Mughini-Gras L et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2019 · PMID 31439317 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30130-5

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