长期登记数据显示,切除扁桃体、阑尾、胆囊、子宫、卵巢和脾脏,与较高的呼吸系统疾病、自身免疫、心血管事件、胃肠道癌症和痴呆发生率相关;每个器官都在做身体永远无法完全替代的工作。
原始表述
الأدلة طويلة الأمد ترصد ارتفاعاً معتبراً في أمراض الجهاز التنفسي والمناعة الذاتية والقلب والشرايين والسرطانات الهضمية والخرف بعد هذه الجراحات
按来源为原话. 译文由本项目提供;以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
长期登记数据显示,切除扁桃体、阑尾、胆囊、子宫、卵巢和脾脏,与较高的呼吸系统疾病、自身免疫、心血管事件、胃肠道癌症和痴呆发生率相关;每个器官都在做身体永远无法完全替代的工作。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com); not necessarily Elawady's own words
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/unnecessary-organ-removal/
- 归属的不确定性
- Editorial summary/narrative and study selection written by the archive operators; the archive states that the cited research documents harm independently of Dr. Diaa's words.
- 所声称的机制
Loss of immune, metabolic, hormonal function.
- 所声称的健康影响
Multiple chronic diseases.
- 涉及人群
Patients after organ removal
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
not applicable
科学评估
可能正确 – 有一些证据支持该说法,但不足以得出明确判断。
证据确定性: 低 – 进一步研究很可能大幅改变该评估。
1. 说法是什么?
Broad long-term harms after organ removal.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的?
Associations reported for tonsils/adenoids (A-ORG-01, A-ORG-02), gallbladder (A-ORG-06, A-ORG-09), ovaries (A-ORG-13, A-ORG-14, A-ORG-15, I-ORG-10), uterus in younger women (A-ORG-10, A-ORG-11), spleen (A-ORG-16, A-ORG-18).
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的?
Several archive-cited studies limit the claim: no excess GI cancer after appendectomy (A-ORG-05), no increased mortality after hysterectomy (A-ORG-12), part of splenectomy CV risk explained by underlying disease (A-ORG-17); appendectomy was linked to lower UC risk (A-ORG-04). Causality is rarely established.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确?
Causal size of each association.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法?
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾?
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何?
Most cited cohorts are Scandinavian (Denmark, Sweden) and directly European; RCTs from the UK and Finland are directly transferable. Guidelines in Europe also emphasize defined indications (not verified here in detail).
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么?
No Egypt-specific data on rates or outcomes of tonsillectomy, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, splenectomy or thyroid surgery were identified in this review.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么?
对于择期/指征处于临界状态的手术,长期风险是知情同意中正当的一部分;但它们不构成反对有指征手术的理由。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
Many associations are reported, but nearly all are observational with confounding by indication; several archive-cited studies show null or limiting results.
- 来源质量
Archive summary; the narrative's balanced conclusion ('when an operation is genuinely indicated, do it without hesitation') is consistent with the evidence.
- 地区可推广性
Mostly Scandinavian data.
- 个体例外情况
Risks depend strongly on organ, age at surgery and indication.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性(生物学/医学)
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
过度解读 – 确有真实的发现,但该说法从中引申出的结论超出了数据所能支持的范围(例如把关联当作因果、把动物数据套用到人身上、把小效应说成大效应)。
研究问题: Do long-term registry data show that removal of tonsils, appendix, gallbladder, uterus, ovaries and spleen causes higher rates of respiratory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal-cancer and dementia outcomes, because each organ's work is never fully replaced?
研究问题详解 (PECO)
- 人群
- People after removal of these organs
- 干预或暴露
- Organ removal
- 对照
- People without removal (ideally with the same indication)
- 地域范围
- universal biology
- 结局指标
- Respiratory disease
- Autoimmunity
- CVD
- GI cancers
- Dementia
- Infection
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法?
Infections after spleen removal in Denmark
Thomsen RW et al.. Ann Intern Med 2009 · PMID 19841456 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00008 队列研究已核查摘要新增Splenectomy: lasting infection risk (well established).
- 实际结果
- HR 2.5 after 1 year vs population.
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
Removing ovaries at hysterectomy and long-term survival
Premenopausal BSO: higher long-term mortality.
- 实际结果
- HR 1.31 (<45).
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Only before 50.
哪些证据不支持该说法?
Tonsil removal and bowel inflammation: the family test
Family study: tonsillectomy-IBD association also present in relatives, indicating confounding.
- 实际结果
- Crohn RR 1.22 for relatives.
- 方法学质量
- high
- 相关性
- indirect
- 局限
- IBD only.
Do tonsil and adenoid operations change later infections in children?
Matched cohort: no increase in airway infections after adenotonsillectomy.
- 实际结果
- Equivalence over 9 years.
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Children.
Genetic test of gallbladder removal and bowel cancer
MR: no causal effect of cholecystectomy on CRC.
- 实际结果
- OR 1.54 (0.61-3.92).
- 方法学质量
- moderate
- 相关性
- indirect
- 局限
- Weak instruments.
总体证据说明了什么?
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持?
Some long-term consequences are well established (infection after splenectomy) or probable (mortality/CVD after premenopausal oophorectomy); many other registry associations (tonsils, appendix, gallbladder) are small and partly explained by confounding.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Each organ judged separately (see C-ORG-03 to -13); designs controlling for indication or family weigh most.
因果关系是否已确立? 有可能,尚未确立 Varies by organ: established for spleen; probable for ovaries; not established for tonsils, appendix, gallbladder.
仍存在的不确定性
Causal share for most associations.
合理的结论
Partly correct; the general statement overgeneralises from a few strong findings.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾?
The bundle mixes established effects (spleen), probable effects (ovaries) and confounded associations (tonsils, gallbladder); disagreement among studies reflects comparator choice (population vs indication-matched vs family).
这是否取决于国家?
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal.
- 饮食习惯
- Not relevant to this claim.
- 食品原产地
- Not applicable.
- 污染物
- Not applicable.
- 本国生产条件
- Not applicable.
- 法律规则
- Not applicable.
- 实际监测数据
- No Egypt-specific monitoring data identified.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Absolute excess – About 1 extra autoimmune case per 4700 person-years 已重新计算
总体证据的确定性(GRADE,简化版)
- 主要结局
- Long-term harms caused by organ removal (bundle)
- 起始等级
- 低(观察性研究)
- 降级理由
- inconsistency
- risk of bias
- 结果
- 低
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估;并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据,而非单项研究。
已核查的临床指南和官方声明
- Spleen Australia: Guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenism in Australia and New Zealand (2017) · 原始文献
Asplenia/hyposplenism carries increased risk of fulminant sepsis with high mortality; recommends vaccination protocols and antimicrobial prophylaxis (abstract; I-ORG-116). - ACOG: Committee Opinion No. 774: Opportunistic Salpingectomy as a Strategy for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Prevention (reaffirmed 2024) (2019) · 原始文献
BSO causing surgical menopause reduces ovarian cancer risk but may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, other cancers, osteoporosis, cognitive impairment and all-cause mortality; counselling should include oophorectomy (I-ORG-142).
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录(检索式采用原数据库语法)。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (organ removal OR appendectomy OR tonsillectomy OR cholecystectomy OR splenectomy OR hysterectomy) AND long-term[ti] AND (sibling[tiab] OR confounding[tiab]) AND cohort[tiab] | 反对性证据 | 9 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:tonsillectomy OR TITLE:adenoidectomy OR TITLE:adenotonsillectomy) AND (TITLE:"long-term" OR TITLE:"later life" OR TITLE:risk) AND (TITLE:respiratory OR TITLE:asthma OR TITLE:allergic OR TITLE:infections OR TITLE:infectious) AND (cohort OR registry OR "population-based") | 双向 | 15 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:tonsillectomy OR TITLE:adenotonsillectomy) AND (TITLE:autoimmune OR TITLE:"multiple sclerosis" OR TITLE:"inflammatory bowel" OR TITLE:"Crohn") AND (TITLE:"meta-analysis" OR cohort OR "population-based") | 双向 | 13 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:oophorectomy OR TITLE:"ovarian conservation" OR TITLE:"salpingo-oophorectomy" OR TITLE:"ovarian tissue") AND (TITLE:mortality OR TITLE:death) AND (hysterectomy) AND (cohort OR "population-based" OR "meta-analysis") | 双向 | 17 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:splenectomy OR TITLE:splenectomised OR TITLE:splenectomized OR TITLE:asplenia) AND (TITLE:infection OR TITLE:sepsis OR TITLE:"venous thromboembolism" OR TITLE:thrombosis) AND (cohort OR "population-based") | 双向 | 70 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | Thomsen RW[au] AND splenectomy | 支持性证据 | 3 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | (TITLE:cholecystectomy) AND (TITLE:"colorectal cancer" OR TITLE:"colon cancer" OR TITLE:"small bowel" OR TITLE:"small intestine" OR TITLE:"intestinal cancer" OR TITLE:"digestive cancer" OR TITLE:"gastrointestinal cancer") AND (TITLE:"meta-analysis" OR cohort OR "population-based" OR "Mendelian") | 双向 | 43 |
待解决的问题
Family- or indication-controlled designs for all organs.
核查深度如何?
22 项相关研究:3 项核查了全文(其中 1 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估),19 项基于摘要核查,0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估,也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
通俗解释
该档案网站称,切除扁桃体、胆囊、子宫、卵巢或脾脏等器官,与日后的许多疾病相关。有些关联是真实且相当一致的,尤其是过早切除卵巢以及与脾脏相关的感染。另一些则不确定,因为需要做这些手术的人可能本来风险就更高。该档案网站引用的一些研究并未发现危害。该档案网站自己的结论是,真正需要的手术应当进行。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (11)
-
Danish children: tonsil/adenoid removal and later illness
Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究Children who had the operations had more respiratory illnesses later (2-3 times for upper airway disease), but the study cannot prove the operation caused it.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Long-term risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
1.19 million
- 实际发现了什么?
Associations with later respiratory/infectious/allergic disease
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.99-2.72; infections +2.14% absolute
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
A reason to avoid unnecessary operations
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Confounding
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports a cautious approach, not a ban
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Directly European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
That surgery causes the diseases
-
Sweden: autoimmune diseases after tonsil removal
Ji J et al.. J Autoimmun 2016 · PMID 27344241 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.007队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究People who had tonsils removed were diagnosed with autoimmune diseases 34% more often than the general population.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Autoimmunity
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort vs population
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
179,875
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher incidence
- 观察到的效应有多大?
SIR 1.34
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible link; cause unclear
- 该研究有哪些局限?
No matched controls
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Association only
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Gallbladder removal and bowel cancer
Lagergren J et al.. Gastroenterology 2001 · PMID 11522737 · DOI 10.1053/gast.2001.27083队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究After gallbladder removal, rare small-bowel cancers were about 1.8 times as frequent and right-sided colon cancer 1.16 times as frequent as in the population.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Cancer risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
278,460
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher proximal bowel cancer
- 观察到的效应有多大?
SIR 1.77/1.16
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Small extra risk of rare cancers
- 该研究有哪些局限?
No confounder control
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Partly supports
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation; absolute size
-
Hysterectomy and heart disease in Sweden
Ingelsson E et al.. Eur Heart J 2011 · PMID 21186237 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq477队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Women operated before 50 had about 18% more cardiovascular disease later.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
CVD
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
824,484
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher CVD <50
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.18
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible long-term cost
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Confounding
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports association
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Hysterectomy with ovaries kept
Laughlin-Tommaso SK et al.. Menopause 2018 · PMID 29286988 · DOI 10.1097/GME.0000000000001043队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Later heart and metabolic problems were modestly more frequent, especially after surgery at age 35 or younger.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
CV risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
4188
- 实际发现了什么?
Modest increase
- 观察到的效应有多大?
CAD HR 1.33
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Consider alternatives when possible
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports association
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Nurses' Health Study: removing both ovaries at hysterectomy
Parker WH et al.. Obstet Gynecol 2013 · PMID 23635669 · DOI 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182864350队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查全文★ 关键研究Removing the ovaries was linked to somewhat higher death rates (16.8% vs 13.3% over 28 years), mainly in women under 50 who never took estrogen.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Mortality
- 研究是如何开展的?
Prospective cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
30,117
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher mortality, especially <50 without estrogen
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.13; NNH 8 in subgroup
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Keeping healthy ovaries may be better for many women
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports direction; NNH misused
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation; women with BRCA etc.
-
Ovary removal before menopause and dementia
Rocca WA et al.. Neurology 2007 · PMID 17761551 · DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究Women who had ovaries removed before menopause had 46% higher risk of cognitive impairment or dementia later.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Dementia
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
2961
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher risk
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.46
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible brain cost of early ovary removal
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports association
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Ovary removal and chronic diseases
Rocca WA et al.. Mayo Clin Proc 2016 · PMID 27693001 · DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.002队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Women who had both ovaries removed before 46 accumulated chronic diseases faster.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 是 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Multimorbidity
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
n/a
- 实际发现了什么?
Faster accumulation
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.22
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible broad health cost
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Baseline differences
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Long-term risks after spleen removal in US veterans
Kristinsson SY et al.. Haematologica 2014 · PMID 24056815 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2013.092460队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究Serious infections were 2-3 times more frequent and blood clots about 2 times more frequent after spleen removal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Splenectomy risks
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
8149
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher infections, clots, cancers
- 观察到的效应有多大?
RR 1.9-3.4 infections
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Vaccination and prophylaxis are important
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Confounding by indication
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports infection risk; cancer less certain
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation for cancer
-
Infections after spleen removal in Denmark
Thomsen RW et al.. Ann Intern Med 2009 · PMID 19841456 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00008队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究People without a spleen had more serious infections for years after surgery, although part of the extra risk came from their underlying disease.
Example of a well-supported long-term risk after organ removal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 是 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Measure long-term infection risk after splenectomy
- 研究是如何开展的?
National cohort with three comparison groups
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
3812 Danish patients
- 实际发现了什么?
Infection risk raised early and still 2.5-fold after one year
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 2.5 (>1 year) vs population
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
People without a spleen need vaccinations and fast care for fever
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Possible surveillance bias
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports the claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Directly applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot fully separate surgery from disease effects
-
Childhood tonsil surgery and later autoimmune disease in Korea
Chang YS et al.. Front Med (Lausanne) 2026 · PMID 42643288 · DOI 10.3389/fmed.2026.1892240队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Children who had the surgery later had about 32% more autoimmune diseases than similar children who did not, but this does not prove the surgery caused them.
Supports the autoimmune association part of the bundled claim.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Check whether childhood tonsil/adenoid surgery is linked to autoimmune disease
- 研究是如何开展的?
National cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
84,030 operated and 336,120 non-operated children
- 实际发现了什么?
Autoimmune disease 86.5 vs 65.3 per 100,000 person-years
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.32 (1.23-1.41)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Small absolute increase; cause unclear
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Claims data, residual confounding
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports the association, not proof of causation
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Moderate
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot separate surgery from underlying immune tendency
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (7)
-
Appendix removal and ulcerative colitis
Andersson RE et al.. N Engl J Med 2001 · PMID 11248156 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM200103153441104队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要★ 关键研究People whose inflamed appendix was removed before age 20 later had less ulcerative colitis; removal for non-inflamed appendix showed no difference.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Immune link
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
212,963
- 实际发现了什么?
Lower UC after inflammatory appendectomy
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 0.58-0.76
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Appendix/inflammation interacts with gut immunity
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Does not show harm of removal
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
That the appendix protects health
-
Appendix removal and bowel cancer
Song H et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 26959234 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151262队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用全文,含结构化偏倚风险评估No increased risk of stomach, colon or rectal cancer after appendix removal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Cancer risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Register
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
480,382
- 实际发现了什么?
No excess
- 观察到的效应有多大?
SIR EAC 1.32
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Appendectomy did not raise most GI cancers
- 该研究有哪些局限?
SIR design
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts archive summary
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Small risks
-
UK: hysterectomy and death risk
Iversen L et al.. BMJ 2005 · PMID 15930026 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38483.669178.8F队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Women who had a hysterectomy did not die earlier over about 20 years.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Mortality
- 研究是如何开展的?
Nested cohort
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
7410
- 实际发现了什么?
No increase
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 0.94/0.82
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
No mortality penalty found
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Ovary status unclear
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Limits claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
CVD morbidity
-
Denmark: heart and lung risks after spleen removal
Rørholt M et al.. Haematologica 2017 · PMID 28572164 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2016.157008队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Compared with patients with the same diseases, only stroke risk stayed higher; heart attack risk was explained by the underlying disease.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
CV risk
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cohort with disease-matched controls
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
~70,000
- 实际发现了什么?
Stroke HR 1.56
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.56
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Some but not all risks are due to the operation
- 该研究有哪些局限?
5 years
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Limits claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
European
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Long-term
-
Do tonsil and adenoid operations change later infections in children?
Kim JY et al.. Laryngoscope 2021 · PMID 33720418 · DOI 10.1002/lary.29506队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要Over 9 years, children who had the operation had the same number of upper airway infections as similar children who did not.
Contradicts the respiratory part of the bundled claim.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Test whether adenotonsillectomy changes later infections
- 研究是如何开展的?
Matched population cohort with equivalence testing
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
2377 operated Korean children and about 9000 controls
- 实际发现了什么?
No difference in pharyngitis, sinusitis or ear infections
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Equivalent within ±0.5 visits
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
The operation did not increase later airway infections
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Claims data; children only
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts the claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Moderate
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot address adulthood
-
Tonsil removal and bowel inflammation: the family test
Bager P et al.. Epidemiology 2019 · PMID 30461527 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000946队列研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究Even relatives of people who had their tonsils out had more Crohn's disease, suggesting shared family factors rather than the surgery itself.
Shows that registry associations after organ removal can reflect confounding.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Test whether the tonsillectomy-IBD link is causal
- 研究是如何开展的?
National cohort with family linkage
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
7 million Danes
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher IBD risk after own and after relatives' tonsillectomy
- 观察到的效应有多大?
Crohn RR 1.52 (own) and 1.22 (relative)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
The link is probably partly due to family factors
- 该研究有哪些局限?
IBD only
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts a causal reading of the claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Directly applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot exclude a small direct effect
-
Genetic test of gallbladder removal and bowel cancer
Chen L et al.. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023 · PMID 37027252 · DOI 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002612其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要A genetic analysis found no sign that gallbladder removal itself causes bowel cancer, but gallstone disease might.
Illustrates confounding by the underlying disease.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Use genetics to test causality
- 研究是如何开展的?
Mendelian randomisation
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
Large genetic datasets
- 实际发现了什么?
No causal effect of cholecystectomy on CRC
- 观察到的效应有多大?
OR 1.54 (0.61-3.92)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Gallstones, not the operation, may explain links
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Weak instruments, wide CIs
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Contradicts causal claim
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Not definitive
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (4)
-
Editorial: gallbladder removal and fatty liver
Nervi F et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23735917 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2013.84其他被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要A US survey found fatty liver more often in people without a gallbladder; cause unclear.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 不明确 · 方法学质量: 极低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Hypothesis
- 研究是如何开展的?
Editorial
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
n/a
- 实际发现了什么?
Association
- 观察到的效应有多大?
OR 2.4
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible link
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Cross-sectional
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Weak
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Uncertain
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Causation
-
Gut bacteria overgrowth after gallbladder removal
Sung HJ et al.. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015 · PMID 26351251 · DOI 10.5056/jnm15020横断面研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要Breath tests were positive more often in symptomatic patients after gallbladder removal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
SIBO
- 研究是如何开展的?
Cross-sectional
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
237
- 实际发现了什么?
More SIBO
- 观察到的效应有多大?
46.8% vs 13.3%
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Possible cause of symptoms
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Small, selected
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Weak support
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Low
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Incidence in all patients
-
Why some people on thyroid hormone still feel unwell
Perros P et al.. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023 · PMID 33783849 · DOI 10.1111/cen.14473叙述性综述被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查摘要A minority keep symptoms despite normal blood tests; causes are debated.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 不明确 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Hypothesis review
- 研究是如何开展的?
Narrative
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
n/a
- 实际发现了什么?
Multiple hypotheses
- 观察到的效应有多大?
n/a
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Replacement is not perfect for everyone
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Narrative
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Indirect
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Effect of thyroidectomy
-
Removing ovaries at hysterectomy and long-term survival
Cusimano MC et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34880044 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2021-067528队列研究独立交叉核查已核查全文★ 关键研究Removing both ovaries before age 50 was linked to more deaths over 20 years (about 1 extra death per 71 women under 45), but not after 50.
Age-dependent long-term mortality excess after ovary removal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法? 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性:见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么?
Check whether ovary removal at hysterectomy affects survival
- 研究是如何开展的?
Population cohort with propensity weighting
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本?
200,549 Ontario women
- 实际发现了什么?
Higher mortality under 50, not over 50
- 观察到的效应有多大?
HR 1.31 (<45), NNH 71 at 20 y
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么?
Keeping healthy ovaries matters mainly before menopause
- 该研究有哪些局限?
Observational; some confounders missing
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么?
Supports the claim with an age condition; contradicts its size
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲?
Applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论?
Cannot prove causation
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
Most cited cohorts are Scandinavian (Denmark, Sweden) and directly European; RCTs from the UK and Finland are directly transferable. Guidelines in Europe also emphasize defined indications (not verified here in detail).
埃及
No Egypt-specific data on rates or outcomes of tonsillectomy, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, splenectomy or thyroid surgery were identified in this review.
在我的国家适用什么?
一般科学评估
可能正确 某些长期风险是真实的;许多关联并未被证明是由手术导致的。
该说法涉及生物学或医学关系。上述科学评估不论在哪个国家都适用;各国食品数据不会改变这一评估。
参考文献
- Association of Long-Term Risk of Respiratory, Allergic, and Infectious Diseases With Removal of Adenoids and Tonsils in Childhood.. Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614
- Tonsillectomy associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases: A national cohort study.. Ji J et al.. J Autoimmun 2016 · PMID 27344241 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.007
- Intestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: is bile involved in carcinogenesis?. Lagergren J et al.. Gastroenterology 2001 · PMID 11522737 · DOI 10.1053/gast.2001.27083
- Hysterectomy and risk of cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort study.. Ingelsson E et al.. Eur Heart J 2011 · PMID 21186237 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq477
- Cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity after hysterectomy with ovarian conservation: a cohort study.. Laughlin-Tommaso SK et al.. Menopause 2018 · PMID 29286988 · DOI 10.1097/GME.0000000000001043
- Long-term mortality associated with oophorectomy compared with ovarian conservation in the nurses' health study.. Parker WH et al.. Obstet Gynecol 2013 · PMID 23635669 · DOI 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182864350
- Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause.. Rocca WA et al.. Neurology 2007 · PMID 17761551 · DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6
- Accelerated Accumulation of Multimorbidity After Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Population-Based Cohort Study.. Rocca WA et al.. Mayo Clin Proc 2016 · PMID 27693001 · DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.002
- Long-term risks after splenectomy among 8,149 cancer-free American veterans: a cohort study with up to 27 years follow-up.. Kristinsson SY et al.. Haematologica 2014 · PMID 24056815 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2013.092460
- Risk for hospital contact with infection in patients with splenectomy: a population-based cohort study.. Thomsen RW et al.. Ann Intern Med 2009 · PMID 19841456 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00008
- Association between childhood tonsillectomy and increased risk of autoimmune disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study.. Chang YS et al.. Front Med (Lausanne) 2026 · PMID 42643288 · DOI 10.3389/fmed.2026.1892240
- Appendectomy and protection against ulcerative colitis.. Andersson RE et al.. N Engl J Med 2001 · PMID 11248156 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM200103153441104
- Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancers among Patients with Appendectomy: A Large-Scale Swedish Register-Based Cohort Study during 1970-2009.. Song H et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 26959234 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151262
- Long term effects of hysterectomy on mortality: nested cohort study.. Iversen L et al.. BMJ 2005 · PMID 15930026 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38483.669178.8F
- Risk of cardiovascular events and pulmonary hypertension following splenectomy - a Danish population-based cohort study from 1996-2012.. Rørholt M et al.. Haematologica 2017 · PMID 28572164 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2016.157008
- Adenotonsillectomy Does not Alter the Risk of Upper Airway Infections in Children.. Kim JY et al.. Laryngoscope 2021 · PMID 33720418 · DOI 10.1002/lary.29506
- Increased Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Families with Tonsillectomy: A Danish National Cohort Study.. Bager P et al.. Epidemiology 2019 · PMID 30461527 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000946
- Associations of cholecystectomy with the risk of colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.. Chen L et al.. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023 · PMID 37027252 · DOI 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002612
- Cholecystectomy and NAFLD: does gallbladder removal have metabolic consequences?. Nervi F et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23735917 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2013.84
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Diagnosed by Glucose Hydrogen Breath Test in Post-cholecystectomy Patients.. Sung HJ et al.. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015 · PMID 26351251 · DOI 10.5056/jnm15020
- The enigma of persistent symptoms in hypothyroid patients treated with levothyroxine: A narrative review.. Perros P et al.. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023 · PMID 33783849 · DOI 10.1111/cen.14473
- Association of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with all cause and cause specific mortality: population based cohort study.. Cusimano MC et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34880044 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2021-067528